Author Mudhi AlAli , Maream Alqubaisy 1, Mariam Nasser Aljaafari , Asma Obaid AlAli , Laila Baqais , Aidin Molouki , Aisha Abushelaibi, Kok-Song Lai, Swee-Hua Erin Lim
Nutraceuticals are essential food constituents that provide nutritional benefits as well as medicinal effects, Nutraceuticals can be categorized into different classes based on their nature and mode of action, different classifications of nutraceuticals and their potential therapeutic activity, Nutraceuticals are known as bioactive substances that are present in common food or botanical-based sources, dietary supplements or functional food, supplying beneficial effects in addition to the nutritional essential components, antioxidants, phytochemicals, fatty acids, amino acids, and probiotics, nutraceuticals are well-known for their role of being involved in disease treatment and prevention, anti-aging properties, and malignancy prevention, probiotics is encouraged due to its significant role in the treatment and prevention of gastroenterological diseases, enhancing the infection response mechanism, boosting immunomodulatory activity, and contributing to reducing the impacts of autoimmune disorders and hypersensitivity, Nutraceuticals have also been shown to exert lipid-lowering, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and antioxidant activity, immune system is divided into two subsystems, commonly known as innate and the adaptive immune systems, subsystems involve humoral and cellular responses, vitamin C in improving the immune system by supporting the innate and adaptive systems, augmenting defense mechanisms such as phagocytosis and chemotaxis, as well as possessing antioxidant properties, provide a neutralizing effect and protection against any harm that the body might encounter, effective properties in the immune system, safety, bioactivity, and bioavailability perspective, Nutraceuticals have been classified based on their application into traditional, non-traditional, fortified, recombinant, phytochemical, herbal, functional foods, dietary supplements, probiotics and prebiotics, nutraceuticals with their beneficial effects to health, chemical constituents and functions in delivering health benefits, nature and mode of action, Functional foods are foods with benefits in health improvement and disease prevention other than only providing nutrients, dietary supplements are products that can be taken as a dietary ingredient by individuals to maintain and improve health and not to cure diseases, Probiotics are microbes that are beneficial to health and used in food, especially in milk products, promote health by providing immunologic and digestive properties, probiotic used that will survive in the human gut, prebiotics are ingredients consisting of short chain carbohydrates that improve the probiotics activity, prebiotics are literally fertilizing agents for probiotics that are not affected by gastric pH and stomach acids, Prebiotics are non-digestible ingredients that promote the growth of productive microorganism and affect the composition and activity of gut microbiota, These supplements are found in various forms, such as tablets, liquid-based, capsules, powder, and concentrated with specific doses, Fortified Nutraceuticals Fortified nutraceuticals such as orange juice with calcium added, or milk with cholecalciferol vitamin are foods that contain additional micronutrients or vitamins added to them to improve their value, supply the body with important nutrients that can prevent anemia and improve health, Recombinant nutraceuticals are foods that are produced by both genetic recombination and biotechnology, recombinant gene that increases ascorbic acid levels, carotenoid, and lutein to enhance immune function, nutraceuticals enhance human health and increase life expectancy along with many other processes that delay aging and prevent chronic diseases, nutraceutical supplements have shown a positive impact on cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, obesity, osteoporosis and immune functions, nutraceutical modes of action take place to increase functional components which will lead to health enhancement, prebiotics and probiotics are believed to be of benefit in promoting human health, specifically in the gastrointestinal tract, most important features of nutraceuticals are their cost effectiveness, broad safety profiles both in humans and animals, tolerability, and easy availability, pharmacokinetic behavior of every drug is extremely important for the understanding of safety profile (toxico-kinetics), onset of action, required dose, and dose frequency, interactions with other drugs as well as nutrients/foods are another vital aspect of safety evaluations of nutraceuticals that assess the effect of interactions on safety, efficacy, half-life and subsequent therapeutic response, nutraceuticals are included in the dietary supplements,
