Author Yue Liu, Jiaqi Wang and Changxin
human gastrointestinal tract , interacts with the mucosal immune system closely, Gut microbiota plays a significant role in maintaining host health, d supply various nutrients, regulate energy balance, modulate the immune response, defense against pathogens, maintaining a favourable equilibrium of gut microbiota through modulating bacteria composition, diversity, and their activity is beneficial to host health, probiotics and pre-biotics could indirectly regulate microbiota and immune response, post-biotics, as the bioactive metabolites, produced by gut microbiota, and/or cell-wall components released by probiotics, inhibit pathogen growth, maintain microbiota balance, regulate an immune response, health-promoting microorganisms, balance of the gastrointestinal microbiome, Probiotics could modulate human intestinal bacteria, inhibiting harmful bacteria, stimulating beneficial bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, toll-like receptors, Pattern recognition receptors, bifidobacteria , substrate that is selectively utilised by host microorganisms conferring a health Benefit,postbiotics, maintain homeostasis of intestinal microbiota and improve intestinal health
