Author: Didier-Noel Carlotti, Doct.-Vét., DECVD

shampoo formulations are composed of surfactants (cleansing agents, foaming agents and conditioners) as well as thickeners, softeners, sequestering agents, preservatives, fragrance and sometimes opacifiers and colouring additives. Surfactants are amphophilic molecules, i.e., molecules with a dual affinity, both for water and oil, Surfactants are composed of a hydrophilic part (hydrophilic “head”) and a lipophilic part (“lipophilic tail”). They are called surfactants (surface active ingredients) due to their propensity absorption on various interfaces (oil/water, air/water…), modifying the properties of the interface (decrease of the interface tension and stabilisation of the interface), In water, surfactants form micelle structures. These structures correspond to a spontaneous molecular arrangement of the amphiphilic molecules. The micelle formation process explains many of the surfactant properties and particularly their ability to emulsify, render soluble and disperse oils, dirty and debris, Pet shampoos have to ensure excellent cleansing of the hair and skin, leaving them soft, supple, lustrous and easy to manage. A specifically formulated combinations of surfactants is necessary in order to combine superior cleansing properties and a perfect local tolerance on canine and feline skin. pet shampoos have a physiological pH adapted to the canine and feline skin, Another important feature of pet shampoos is ease of rinsing, because surfactants can induce skin irritation when they are not totally removed by rinsing and also, because dogs and cats (contrary to humans) often lick their fur ingesting shampoo residues, local tolerance and efficacy are assessed on dogs and cats suffering from conditions for which the shampoo is indicated. Canine and feline skin is often more sensitive than is human skin due to anatomical and physiological differences, including differences in the thickness of the stratum corneum, skin pH and hair follicle density which can facilitate cutaneous penetration of active ingredients, Surfactants can be classified into 4 groups, according to their ionic nature: anionic, cationic, non-ionic amphoteric surfactants, efficacy of shampoos on skin hydration, the surface lipid film and stratum corneum, which are of great importance in keratoseborrhoeic disorders, transepidermal water loss (TEWL) measurement, corneocyte counts, measurement of corneal layer thickness, stripping, chemical analysis of lipid film, water content measurement, surface biopsy and corneometry4. These procedures have been deemed to be not reproducible and thus useless in evaluating effects of topical treatments in the dog, ction of active ingredients applied to the skin: liposomes prolong the moisturizing effect and Spherulites® increase bioavailability of therapeutic agents and promotes immediate and residual moisturising properties (reinforced by chitosanide). Also, microemulsions enhance bioavailability of active ingredients, which readily diffuse, and they also have an effective cleansing effect, CAS NUMBER: 85507-69-3

Author Calabrò S, Carciofi AC, Musco N, Tudisco R, Gomes MOS, Cutrignelli MI. 2013a.

Fermentable carbohydrates, canine diet, improve gastrointestinal health by modifying gut microbial population and metabolic activity, fermentation, aloe vera carbohydrate source, substrates, Fermentable carbohydrates are important components of dog diets, SCFA production, and high BCFA formation

Author Nadia Musco,Pietro Lombardi,Serena Calabrò,Vincenzo Mastellone,Raffaella Tudisco,Micaela Grossi,Laura Addi,Raffaella Grazioli &Monica Isabella Cutrignelli show les

Aloe plant contains anthraquinone, glycosides, mucilages, resinous materials, sugars, mucopolysaccharides, fatty acids, glycoproteins, enzymes, vitamins and minerals,  rich in carbohydrates, carbohydrates fermentability, as already shown in dogs, healing properties of Aloe, mucilaginous polysaccharides, wound healing, anti-parasitic, anti-viral, anti-fungal and anti-bacterial, Immune-stimulating, anti-proliferative, activity on intestinal function, feedstuff and diet 

Author: Lin J, Zhang FY, Xu Y, Ting ZX, Po YD. 2005.

effects of different levels of Aloe vera gel on microflora population, humoral and cellular immune response, and relative weight of lymphoid organs compared to the effects brought about by antibiotic, Aloe vera gel (added to basal diet at 1.5%, 2% and 2.5%), increase in Aloe vera gel in the feed resulted in significant reduction in the number of E. coli colonies and significant increase in the number of Lactobacillus colonies compared to the control and antibiotic groups, humoral immunity, sheep red blood cells antibody titer reached its highest level in the 2.5% Aloe vera gel group, education in number of E. coli colonies and increase in number of Lactobacillus colonies as a result of increased Aloe vera gel in the feed, poultry industry, birds are maintained in confinement systems and large flocks in order to achieve higher economic returns, birds are exposed to stress and inducing factors such as high population, vaccination and temperature changes. Intestinal microflora is influenced, and sometimes imbalanced, by these factors, leading to deteriorated health conditions for chickens, imbalance in intestinal microflora may result in weakened immune system and failure of growth performance in chickens, microorganism resistance, replacements for growth-stimulating antibiotics such as probiotics, prebiotics, organic acids and herbal medicines, active compounds of herbs can be found in the form of glycosides, alkaloids, volatile oils and organic acids, and more importantly in polysaccharides, Polysaccharides act as immunomodulators and even perform antimicrobial activities, polysaccharides can be used as feed supplements or as booster in vaccination. Antibacterial, antiviral and antiparasitic, Aloe vera contains different types of polysaccharides most significantly acemannan

Author Sharma S, Singh, DK, Gurung YB, Shrestha SP, Pantha C,

immunomodulatory e?ect of Stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) and Aloe vera(Aloe barbadensis) in broiler chicken, Aloe vera @5 ml/lit drinking water, immunomodulating e?ect, measuring antibody titer against NDV vaccine; and by estimating the albumin, globulin and total protein, Intensive poultry production with fast growing strains and high stocking densities are usually susceptible to infectious agents due to various reasons, one of the reasons being reduced immune potential, commercial poultry ?ocks, may be caused by a number of factors such as stress, nutrition and infectious agents, Phyto-medicines, murine macrophages, action in promoting maturationof dendritic cells, Aloe juice has virucidal capacity againstherpes simplex, varicella zoster and in?uenza virus

Author AlessandroDi Cerbo ,Julio CesarMorales-Medina, Beniamino Palmieric,Federica Pezzuto,Raffaella Cocco, Gonzalo Flores, Tommas soIannitti

Functional foods provide health benefits if they are consumed on a regular basis as part of a varied diet, functional foods in pet nutrition with a focus on dogs and cats, functional foods modify gastrointestinal physiology, promote changes in biochemical parameters, improve brain functions and may reduce or minimize the risk of developing specific pathologies, functional food consumption, pet nutrition , Cat; Diet; Dog; Functional food; Nutraceutical; Pet.

Author Julio Bernal

functional foods in pet, provide health benefits if they are consumed on a regular basis as part of a varied diet, pet nutrition for dogs and cats, functional foods modify gastrointestinal physiology, promote changes in biochemical parameters, improve brain functions and may reduce or minimize the risk of developing specific pathologies, novel foods and food components have been identified as “functional” because they provide health benefits beyond the provision of essential nutrients, such as vitamins, minerals, water, proteins, carbohydrates and fats, functional foods in dogs (Canis familiaris) and cats (Felis catus), metabolism, optimising companion animal nutritional and health status, digestive-related processes but, while cats are carnivorous, dogs appear to be omnivorous like human beings (Bosch et al., 2015). Dogs share some carnivorous traits with cats as both lack salivary amylase, have a short gastrointestinal tract and are unable to synthesize vitamin D, dogs during domestication and are involved in starch digestion and glucose uptake, dogs digestive system is that they can synthesise several essential nutrients such as niacin, taurine and arginin, catabolise and use amino acids as a source of energy for gluconeogenesis, Cats have a diet consisting of 52% protein, 36% fat and 12% carbohydrate, companion animals acquire the wrong eating habits from their owners ,

Author Zhan Hai Yu CheJin Ma Xin HeJian Min

Aloe vera polysaccharides, enhance immunity and reduce oxidative injury, Aloe vera polysaccharides are effective in enhancing innate immunity and suppressing oxidative injury in oral ulcer animals, Recurrent oral ulcer is a chronic systemic inflammatory disease. Inflammatory reactions trigger the oxidative stress and oxidants decrease the level of antioxidants. The free radical metabolism in the erythrocyte and serum of oral ulcer, active role of white blood cells in oral ulcer pathogenesis

Author: Sun Z, Wei K, Yan Z, Zhu X, Wang X, Wang H, Tan Y, Sheng P, Zhu R. 2011.

Aloe polysaccharide, Chicken Bordetella avium (B. avium), Antibody Lymphocyte Flow , cytometry, aloe polysaccharide on immune responses of chickens immunized with Bordetella avium (B. avium) vaccine, Intestinal mucosa is the largest immune organ in animals, and its immune function is directly related to the resistance against various diseases, Taishan Pinus massoniana pollen polysaccharides (TPPPS) have been recognized as an effective vaccine adjuvant and potential immune enhancer against viral infections, direct immune-enhancing activity on intestinal mucosa, aloe polysaccharide significantly enhanced serum and bile antibody level, blood lymphocyte ratio and splenic T lymphocyte proliferation rate, aloe polysaccharide could significantly enhance immune effect of B. avium inactivated vaccine, polysaccharide as a new type of plant-derived immunopotentiator.

Author: Deepak Chandran, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Athulya Rajasekharan, Marthandan Vishvanathan, Talha Bin Emran

Plant-derived compounds , Antibiotics are used tocure bacterial diseases and improve health conditions in animals, health beneficial compounds like vitamins, minerals, polysaccharides, phytosterols, antioxidants, and amino acids, health and well-being of livestock are improved by its antimicrobial nature and via maintaining a good balance of the beneficial intestinal microflora, boosts the immunity of animals and enhances their reproductive performance, livestock feed supplementation, aloe vera, herbal feed additive, antibiotics, immunity, livestock rearing, beneficial health applications, Feed is the most important component of animal production, health of an animal is primarily decided by its growing environment and, most importantly, the quantity and quality of the feed it consumes, Feed additives are substances that can be used along with the feed to facilitate proper intake, absorption, and assimilation of nutrients to promote growth and health, Probiotics, prebiotics, organic acids, Synbiotics, enzymes, and various antimicrobial peptides and antibodies are some of the available alternatives for antibiotics to boost animal growth and productivity, essential benefits of plant-derived additives to increase productivity and improve the health of animals and poultry, Aloe vera has great potential to enhance nutrient utilization, boost immunity, intestinal health, and improve growth when used as an additive in livestock and poultry feed, Aloe vera powder supplementation improved carcass weight and breast yield of Japanese quails without causing any adverse effects on the liver and blood biochemistry indicating the potential to improve growth performances, Aloe extracts exhibited antibacterial activity against strains of bacteria like Mycobacterium, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ,Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhi, Effects of Aloe vera on reproductive performance, Reproductive fitness is the central element in the economics of livestock production, Improved reproductive performance is the key indicator of sound animal health, Animal reproduction efficiency and health improve when antibiotics are administered as feed additives during the reproductive stage, In females, supplementation of phytogenic additives increased the levels of plasma immunoglobulin A (IgA) and total proteins and reduced the levels of non-esterified fatty acids , It is given intramammary to treat mastitis or elevated somatic cell counts as Aloe vera gel teat-dip., for anemia, infertility, mastitis, and shock, it is administered orally in all food-producing species, Aloe vera juice is proven to be effective against ulcers and many digestive disorders, its property to inhibit gastric acid secretion owing to the presence of lectins, anti-ulcer property of Aloe vera is attributed to its various properties like mucus stimulatory effects, regulation of gastric secretions, healing effects, and anti inflammatory properties, reduction of stomach acid secretion by aloe extract was concentration-dependent, further explained by the direct engagement with acid-generating gastric cells or the interaction with the histamine H2 receptors on the parietal cells. Even at the lowest dose, aloe extract was found to have a gastroprotective effect, Immuno-stimulation effects of Aloe vera, Growing demand for dairy and meat products implies more reliance on the dairy industry to meet demand, health of cattle depends on an understanding of immune development, maintain and improve the animals’ immune systems

Author: Yates KM, Rosenberg LJ, Harris CK, Bronstad DC, King GK, Biehle GA, Walker B, Ford CR, Hall JE, Tizard IR

Acemannan, a complex carbohydrate shown to stimulate interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor alpha and prostaglandin E2 production by macrophages, has also demonstrated antiviral activity in vitro against human immunodeficiency virus, Newcastle disease virus and influenza virus, lymphopenia, acemannan’s effect, acemannan therapy may be of significant benefit in FIV-infected cats exhibiting clinical signs of disease,

Author: rearing Patil, D. Thakur, Anamika, K. Govill, C. Malapure, Dinesh Kumar, Pavan K Yadav less

Aloe vera (Aloe vera (L.) burm. f.), Liliaceae family , use of aloe vera as herbal feed additive in livestock and poultry feeds, healthy animal food, new class of additives to animal and poultry feeds have beneficial properties such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antifungal , immunomodulatory and anticoccidial effects, supplement feeds need a larger number of objectives (improving nutrient utilization and growth performance, immunity response, intestinal microflora, and controlling particular diseases), multifunctional herbs, Higher body weight gain, better feed conversion efficiency (FCE) and production of milk, meat and eggs are important economic goals in livestock and poultry farming, growth performance and production of animals, feed additives, like prebiotics, probiotics, organic acids and herbs, on growth performance and production compared to those of antibiotics, experiment conducted on birds fed diet supplemented with 1 % or 2 % aloe vera leaves had greater body weight gain, better feed intake and FCR than those fed diets without aloe vera, 1 % dietary inclusion of aloe vera leaves powder in broiler diet, there was significant difference in body weight gains in birds fed aloe vera supplemented feed as compared to control group, better growth performance in broilers treated with 0.75% and 1% aloe vera gel powder compared to the 0.5% aloe vera gel powder, aqueous extract of aloe gel per litre of drinking water in broiler have beneficial effect on body weight gain and feed conversion efficiency, polysaccharides of aloe vera (mainly, acemannan) has prebiotic like effect which increase the number of lactobacillus colonies and reduce gram negative bacteria, fermentation product of lactobacillus is short chain fatty acid that will reduce the pH of lower intestine and create favorable environment for gram negative bacteria, supplementation of aloe vera in drinking water had beneficial effect on final body weight, weekly body weight gain, and average feed intake

Author: Gebremedhin Yohannes

Aloe vera is a plant with height of almost 60-100cm containing very short stem or stem-less long leaves, activity effects on the Immune System, Antibiotics are probably the most successful family of drugs so far developed for improving animal and human health, increasing resistance to antibiotics of many bacteria, plant ex-tracts are of new interest as antiseptics and antimicrobial agents in medicine, Bovine dermatophytosis causes economic loss due to hide damage and restrictions in showing and marketing infected cattle, Ringworm infection is caused by invasion of cutanous keratinized epithelial cells and hair follicle by a certain keratinophilic fungi causes dermatomphytosis, Trichphyton verrucosum, Trichphyton mentagrophytes and Trichphyton megnini are the most commonly fungal species that involved in ringworm, Aloe gel is used topically for infections that are caused by these fungal agents, Aloe vera in curing ringworm might be due to increasing the ability of internal immunity that strength the natural resistance by boosting T- lymphocyte cells that aid the immune system

Author: Valle-Paraso MGR, Vidamo PJS, Anunciado RVP, Lapitan AM. 2005

effect of oral supplementation with aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis) on the immune response of broiler chickens to Newcastle disease (ND), aloe vera gel was effective in increasing mean antibody titers to ND, aloe vera solution, Significant increases in the absolute differential counts of monocytes, lymphocytes and heterophils were also observed in treated birds compared with controls, aloe vera in enhancing the immune response of broiler chickens to ND and in reducing the predisposition of birds to this debilitating disease.

Author: Dipin Chander Yadav*, Devender Singh Bidhan, Vishal Sharma and Subhasish Sahu

dietary supplementation, e physical forms of aloe vera viz. powder, gel and juice on the energy efficiency (EE), protein efficiency (PE), performance index (PI), production number (PN), mortality pattern and cost of production of broiler chicken, f aloe vera supplementation on health and performance of broilers, Aloe vera, broilers, cost of production, mortality, production indices, feed supplements and feed additives in poultry industry, antibacterial, antiseptic, anti-inflammatory and immune-modulator effects of aloe vera, aloe barbadensis has anti-oxidant and anti-cancerous properties, anti-mutagenic effects and anti-hypersensitivity effects, supplementation of aloe vera on energy efficiency, protein efficiency, performance index, production number of broiler chicken. The mortality and cost of production which are keys to broiler industry, Aloe vera treated groups were found to be beneficial in terms of net profit. Net savings/Kg of drawn weight was highest in aloe vera supplemented, supplementation of broilers diet with aloe vera may offer benefits to the poultry industry by reducing the cost of production of live weight as well as drawn weight.

Author: Kashfa Khaliq1*, Masood Akhtar2, Zafar Iqbal3 and Iftikhar Hussain4

biological response modifiers in chickens, Aloe (A.) vera polysaccharides, lymphoproliferative response to PHA-P and Con-A in chickens of polysaccharides administered group, higher response, higher humoral immune responses [total immunoglobulins (Igs), IgG and IgM titers] were also detected in treatment groups. Biomolecule administered chickens showed better feed conversion ratios and significantly higher (p<0.05) weekly weight gain, A. vera derived polysaccharides have potential to be used as immunotherapeutic agent(s) in chickens, Biological response modifiers induced modification(s) in the functioning of immune system and have unique effects on the physiology of human beings and animals, these substances also reduced the immunosuppressive effects of different remedies and simultaneously increased their effectiveness. In this regard, Aloe (A.) vera is considered as one of the promising candidate having immunomodulatory effects in different animal models, aloe has a variety of conditions including mild fever, burns, wounds, gastrointestinal disorders, sexual vitality, inflammation, arthritis, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, Its immunomodulatory activities include stimulation of macrophages, which produced nitric oxide and thus showed effects on the antigen presenting cells

Author Nuri Altu?, Nazmi Yüksek, Z.T. A?ao?l

Aloe vera and ?-Glucan on lymphocyte subsets, haematological parameters ,vaccination in dogs, polyvalent vaccine applied dogs, White blood cell (WBC) and peripheral blood mononuclear lymphocyte (PBML) counts, immunosuppression, Vaccination against several pathogens, complementary and alternative medicine for animal companion, e polysaccharides, mannose polymer with ?-(1?4)-D-linkage, Aloe Barbadensis Miller, aloe has a therapeutic properties, formulations, for consumption at various concentrations in liquid, powder, and tablet form, Immunostimulants are widely used in animals for health management, plant polysaccharides (such as ?-Glucan and Aloe vera) are well known to possess immunoregulatory and/or immunostimulatory effects, ?-Glucan’s and Aloe vera’s role as a biologically active immunomodulator, immunological effects, strong immunostimulating and/or immunomodulatory properties in all tested animal species, modulate and stimulate both humoral and cellular immunity and it also stimulates proliferation of murine pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells, granulocyte macrophage colony-forming cells, and cells forming myeloid and erythroid colonies, activation of the innate immune cells (macrophages, neutrophils, lymphocytes and NK cells), synthesis and release of cytokines (TNF-?, IFN-?, IFN-?, IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8),generation of enhanced cell-mediated responses, and induction of nitric oxide production, Aloe vera and ?-Glucan induced antibody responses, cellular immunity, exert a restorative effect on the values of reduced cell populations (T and B) such as suppression and/or deficiencies of the immune system in the host organism

Author: Samuel Pereira Simonato Maria Verônica de Souza Marisa Alves Nogueira Diaz Luiza Neme Frassy José de Oliveira Pinto

Aloe vera-based formula, formula for topical use on horse hoof, treatment affects hooves growth and balance, Aloe vera treatment, topical application of the glycolic extract of A. vera at 20%, equine, trimming, phytotherapy, horse hoof, protects adjacent structures, initiates the dispersion of concussive forces and reduces vibrations generated during the contact of the limb with the ground, four factors influence the quality of horses hooves: heredity, feed, handling and farriery, Growth rate of the hooves, hooves care may one of the determinant factors on the animal’s performance of the intended functions. A healthy hoof, adequately moistened, absorbs impact from the ground much more efficiently than a dry hoof. Every healthy hoof has a thin shiny cover of a material that covers its walls (external layer). The function of such substance is to delay humidity evaporation, a fundamental aspect for maintaining their hydration. The external layer (stratum externum) is lost during shoeing when hooves walls undergo trimming, leading to an increase in moisture loss and, consequently, their dryness, resulting in excessive flaking and cracking , good moisture is important to prevent such excessive dryness, aloe vera gel serves as an emollient ingredient (skin softener) in many lotions, creams, ointments and shampoos, largely applied in domestic usage and in pharmaceutical products, Aloe vera for the skin of horses, aloe vera powder 200x high concentrations (0.25 and 0.5% w/w) increased the amount of water in the cornified layer of the skin after only one application, treatment, the external layer of the wall exfoliated, mainly close to the coronary band, aloe vera emollient dryness reduced, with a better aspect regarding hydration. The farrier also noted a better cutting consistency, reporting hooves with important hard consistency, propylene glycol substance solubilizes keratine of the stratum corneum by occupying hydrogen bonding sites, hooves balance, considering each evaluated variable (hoof angle, heels height and partial widths), Aloe vera glycolic extract, treatment with 50% glycolic extract together with periodic trimming promotes an important improvement of hoof balance what is essential for the proper load distribution during impact of the limb on the ground

Author Besharatian M., Arshami J., Valizade R., Tahmasebi A., Bahari Kashani R.

dietary supplementation of aloe vera extract (w/v) on growth performance of broiler, data on growth parameters (body weight gain, feed consumption, feed efficiency, water intake) and feed cost and gross return per broiler, best feed efficiency, Aloe vera (w/v) extract supplemented, broilers provided water containing 15 ml/L aloe vera aqueous extract. Water intake, feed intake and abdominal fat deposition of broilers given aloe extract in drinking water were not different among each other. So, 15 ml/L aloe vera aqueous extract may be given to the broilers drinking water, broiler is an efficient feed converter into poultry meat in only 35 days, giving a quick return of investment that would allow 5-6 production cycles in a year, Broilers clearly dominate the world poultry consumption contributing about 70 % to the world poultry market, use of drugs as feed additives in poultry ration resulted in resistant to pathogenic microorganism, affecting the feed efficiency and growth performance of poultry birds, scientists has been giving their attention on medicinal plants (like aloe vera, neem, mulberry leaves etc.) to achieve the targeted nutritional and health status of poultry. The consumption and demand for medicinal plants have been adopted in many countries because of low cost, easy availability, affordability for a common farmer, good antimicrobial natured, reduced diseases associated risks, lowering blood cholesterol level and diversified functions in improving performance, growth rate, feed efficiency and weight gain in birds, digestibility of the nutrients. Aloe vera (Aloe barbedensis) gel, Aloe vera, a medicinal plant, could be an effective substitute for its chemical nature and antimicrobial activities, reduce feeding cost and to efficiently utilize nutrients for higher economic return

Author Dr. Rajesh Singh , Jamshedpur,Jharkhand

Mastitis continues to be recognized as one of the major disease problems concerning the dairy industry caused by many bacteria, which includes the coliform group, Streptococci, Staphylococci, Corynebacteria, Pasteurella, Mycoplasma, Leptospira, Yersinia, Mycobacteria, Pseudomonas, Serratia, taphylococcus, Streptococcus and E.coli generally cause 90-95% of all infections, Affected animal loses fifteen percent of production potential and affected quarter loses up to thirty percent milk producing capacity, antibacterial therapy is to attain effective concentrations of the drug at the site of infection

Author: Dr. Rajesh Singh , Dr. Prashant Yogi,Satara,MH.

Aloe vera, as an additive to livestock and poultry feed, has great potentials for improving nutrient utilization, intestinal health, immune response and growth performance, benefits as antimicrobial agents and used for controlling coccidiosis in poultry, aloe vera added to feeds depend on several factors like form of use [powder, gel, extract (ethanolic or aqueous), polysaccharide extracted from gel], dosage, genetics of animals, ingredients of diet and farm management, ban on the use of antibiotic as a growth promoters (AGP) in animal feeds, alternatives of antibiotics in order to eliminate their impact on animals, feed additives like prebiotics, probiotics, organic acids and plant extracts have beneficial effects on animal production, Medicinal herbs properties to improve digestibility, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and immune-stimulant activity must be exploited in feeding of animals, aloe vera gel for healthy animal food as well as human health, research is dedicated to replace antibiotic growth promoter (AGP) with other additives, especially probiotics, prebiotics, enzymes, organic acids, and herbs, animal growth and performance, Medicinal herbs, as a new class of additives to animal and poultry feeds have beneficial properties such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antifungal as well as immunomodulatory and anticoccidial effects, supplement feeds, are helpful in achieving a larger number of objectives (improving nutrient utilization and growth performance, immunity response, intestinal microflora, and controlling particular diseases), focus is on multifunctional herbs, aloe contains more than 75 biologically active ingredients which have medicinal effects that are useful in treating diseases, many benefits of aloe vera are due to its polysaccharides contained in gel, active compound is acemannan (acetylated gluconmanan), immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, and antitumour effects antioxidants, wound healing, immune-modulatory and antidiabetic activities, source of essential micronutrients and active phyto-chemicals, chemistry of Aloe Vera, bioactive molecules, livestock feed, Biological activities of aloe vera in livestock and poultry, Higher body weight gain, better feed conversion efficiency (FCE) and production of milk, meat and eggs are important economic goals in livestock and poultry farming, experiment conducted by khan et al. on birds fed diet supplemented with 1 % or 2 % aloe vera leaves had greater body weight gain, better feed intake and FCR than those fed diets without aloe vera leaves, experiment comparing the effects of aloe vera gel (mixed with feed) and AGP (virginiamycin) indicated that AGP resulted in better growth performance compared to the performance of groups that received aloe vera gel (at 1.5%, 2% and 2.5%), Mmereole also observed that at 1 % dietary inclusion of aloe vera leaves powder in broiler diet, there was significant difference in body weight gains in birds fed aloe vera supplemented feed, Odo et al. reported that, higher weight gain in birds fed 5 % level of inclusion aloe vera than those of 10 %, Alemi et al. reported a better growth performance in broilers treated with 0.75% and 1% aloe vera gel powder, Danhoff and McAnally observed that the feeding of aloe vera accelerated the growth of new cells, thereby resulting to increase body weight , Das et al stated that the addition of 10 ml aqueous extract of aloe gel per liter of drinking water in broiler have beneficial effect on body weight gain and feed conversion efficiency that could be due to diversified antimicrobial activity of aloe vera gel, fermentation product of lactobacillus is short chain fatty acid that will reduce the pH of lower intestine and create favorable environment for gram negative bacteria, Antimethanogenic effect, active chemical constituents,

Author Zhichao Xu, Yuan Liu, Yongchang Cao

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) causes severe diarrhoea and high mortality in neonatal suckling piglets, leading to significant economic losses to the swine industry, urgent need to exploit effect antiviral therapies to compensate for vaccines, Aloe extract can hamper completely the proliferation of PEDV at a non-cytotoxic concentration of 16 mg/mL determined by CCK-8 assay in Vero and IPEC-J2 cells in vitro, Aloe extract efficiently inhibited PEDV infection in vivo, aqueous extract from the Aloe could inhibit PEDV replication in vitro and in vivo and might be a good target for drug development against PEDV, Aloe extract (Ae) had the ability to inhibit PEDV infection, first examined its potential to inhibit PEDV replication in vitro and determined the stages in the PEDV life cycle that could be blocked by Aloe vera extract , and then extended our study in newborn piglets at a relatively safety concentration to see if Aloe vera extract could inhibit PEDV infection in vivo, Aloe vera can be potentially useful for the development of anti-PEDV therapeutics, Immunofluorescence assay, Determination of direct virion inactivation activity of Aloe vera gel

Author: BARBARA JOANNA BA?AN1, MARCIN NIEMCEWICZ2, JANUSZ KOCIK2, LESZEK JUNG3, EWA SKOPI?SKA-RÓ?EWSKA4,2, PIOTR SKOPI?SKI5

Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. (Aloe barbadensis Mill) Liliaceae, innovaloe powder 200x, AMB Wellness, manufacturer of aloe Raw materials from Mexico, inner part of parenchyma, which contains aloe gel, treatment of minor wounds, inflammatory skin disorders, thermal , radiation burns, alleviate chronic osteoarthritis pain, antimicrobial activity, aloe gel is a dietary supplement, immunomodulatory properties, orally administered aloe gel on some parameters of cellular and humoral immunity viz. mitogen-induced proliferation of splenic lymphocytes and their chemokinetic activity, and anti-sheep red blood cells (SRBC) antibody production, Daily treatment of mice for 14 and 21 days with 50 µl or 150 µl of aloe gel dose resulted in enhanced chemokinetic activity and stronger response of their splenic lymphocytes to mitogen PHA and enhancement of anti-SRBC antibody production, inhibitory activity, isolated cariogenic and periodontopathic bacteria, bacteriostatic effect on Listeria monocytogenes, Aloe gel and its extracts also exert antimicrobial activity against multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDR) , antimicrobial activity of Aloe vera against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus spp., Enterococcus spp., Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Vibrio spp, effect strong against E. coli and Vibrio spp , Salmonella typhimurium, growth inhibition activity of aloe gel against MDR Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates, t Aloe vera juice incorporated into the growth media of Lactobacilli at a concentration of 5% was effective in promoting the growth of L. acidophilus, L. plantarum and L. casei, concentration higher than 25% showed an inhibitory effect, aloe gel in a lower concentration might be used in combination with probiotic Lactobacillus strains as a therapy for gastrointestinal disorders, t aloe gel suppressed bacterial-induced pro-inflammatory [tumor necrosis factor ? (TNF-?) and interleukin 1? (IL-1?)] cytokines production in human immune cells, protective effect of Aloe vera on polymicrobial sepsis, Aloe vera reversed the lethality and ameliorated the multiple organ dysfunction syndrome both by enhancing bacterial clearance and by attenuation of pro-inflammatory cytokines production, anti-inflammatory effect of Aloe vera was connected with down-regulation of MMP-9 activity, Aloe vera extracts may be used in eye drops to treat inflammations and other cornea ailments, aloe gel and its compounds on immunity are scanty, and mostly connected with its stimulatory effect on macrophages activity, possess immunomodulating action on primary humoral immune response

Author: Lunn, D. P. and Rush, B. R. (2004)

Acemannan is an extract of the aloe vera plant predominately used for treatment of fibro sarcomas in dogs and cats, vaccine adjuvant, and in addition, it has antiviral activity, efficacy for treatment of equine respiratory disease (IV) and sarcoids (intralesional), treatment are associated with side effects including syncope, tachycardia, tachypnea, and sweating, Equine clinicians frequently seek to increase normal immune responses as well as restore deficient and temper over-exuberant host immune responses

AUTHOR: A.C. Longland1 ,, M.K. Theodorou 1,and I.H. Burger

Companion animals are those species which have a special association with man and are dependent on him to some degree, dogs, cats, fish, birds, horses, certain rodents and rabbits, feeding companion animals, irrespective of their role, is to promote a long and healthy life and, to achieve this goal, many are fed at or near their maintenance levels throughout adulthood, increase body weight and to accommodate changes in metabolism during ageing, nutrition of companion animals, dogs and cats, different life stages of growth, maintenance, gestation and lactation, nutrient requirement refers to the quantity of an essential nutrient needed by the animal for a given physiological state, metabolic function, genetic potential of the animal, bio-availability of nutrients, target species, Energy is required for growth, maintenance, reproduction and lactation, Energy is provided by carbohydrate, fat and protein, fat provides essential fatty acids (EFAs) and is a carrier for the fat-soluble vitamins, All animals require glucose to supply energy to the tissues and as a substrate for the production of glycoproteins, Glucose is provided either directly, through degradation of carbohydrates or via the metabolism of gluconeogenic substrates such as glycerol or amino acids, Plants and microorganisms can synthesize proteins from nitrogenous compounds, but animals cannot synthesize the amino group and thus require a supply of dietary amino acids, Minerals are essential for maintaining, at various levels, acid–base balances, tissue structure and osmotic pressure, in addition to being key components in many enzyme systems, Vitamins are organic compounds essential to metabolic regulation. They may be fat soluble (A, D, E and K ) or water soluble (the B vitamins and vitamin C),

Author Im S, Lee YR, Lee YH, Lee MK, Park YI, Lee S, Kim K, Lee CK (2010)

gels of Aloe species, immunomodulatory components such as aloctin A and acemannan, in vivo immunomodulatory activity of processed Aloe vera gel (PAG) in mice, Oral administration of PAG significantly reduced the growth of C. albicans in the spleen and kidney following intravenous injection of C. albicans in normal mice, PAG administration also reduced the growth of C. albicans in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice., PAG administration did not increase ovalbumin (OVA)specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) generation in normal mice, but did increase it in high fat-diet induced diabetic mice, positive immunomodulatory activity of orally administered Aloe vera gel, Processed Aloe vera gel, Immunomodulation, C. albicans, Cytotoxic T lymphocyte,

Author Das S, Mishra B, Gill K, Ashraf MS, Singh AK, Sinha M, Sharma S, Xess I, Dalal K, Singh TP, Dey S (2011)

Aloe vera , Anti-fungal, Inflammation, Hemagglutination, Surface plasmon resonance, Aloe protein of 14 kDa from the Aloe vera leaf gel, isolated by an ion exchange chromatography using DEAE-cellulose and CM-cellulose column, potent anti-fungal activity against Candida paraprilosis, Candida krusei and Candida albicans, nti-inflammatory property against pure lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase-2, method by the phenomenon of surface plasmon resonance, Aloe protein is a novel protein possessing antifungal and anti-inflammatory properties and thus sets a platform to be used as a medicinal plant product.

Author Babak D, Nahashon SN

Prohibition of application of antibiotic growth promoters in broiler chicken diets has resulted in increased use of herbs as natural additives in broiler feeds, herbs that can affect such parameters as growth performance, immune response, or treatment of certain diseases, Aloe vera as a natural additive to broiler diets, Aloe vera can improve immune response and growth performance in broilers. In addition, Aloe vera is an excellent alternative for antibiotic growth promoters and anticoccidial drug, animal feeds, there are concerns about the presence of antibiotic in animal products and probable bacterial resistance in animals and human body, more studies now look for alternatives for antibiotics in order to eliminate their impact on animals, natural feed additives for animals and poultry, supplements for improving growth performance, improving immunity response, improving intestinal microflora, and controlling particular diseases, analyzed by researchers is the polysaccharide acemannan, Balance of intestinal microflora in broilers is an important factor contributing to improved growth performance and immune response, and anti-bacterial compounds, impacts of Aloe vera on intestinal microflora in broilers, Aloe vera to its fumaric acid content, important factor in improving homogeneity, long life, and growth performance of birds, researchers on improving immune response, mannose receptors in macrophages, Acemannan contained in Aloe vera gel is a ? (1-4)-linked acetylated mannan, Experiments on chickens suggest promoted macrophage activities in broilers caused by the acemannan contained in Aloe vera, Aloe vera effects on humoral immunity of broilers, Aloe vera, as an additive to broiler chicken feed, has great potentials for improving intestinal health, immune system response, and growth performance, Aloe vera added to broiler feeds depend on several factors: form of use (powder, gel, extract (ethanolic or aqueous), polysaccharide extracted from gel), dosage, genetics of broilers, ingredients of diet, and farm management

Author Kay J. Rutherfurd-Markwick,1 PhD, and David Thomas,2 PhD

Immune function is known to decline with age, and chronic stress can impair immune function and exacerbate the effects of aging, Dietary supplementation, with immunomodulatory ingredients, has potential in preventing or slowing such changes, modulation of the immune system should be balanced so that the immune system is primed to be optimally and appropriately active, chronic inflammation, allergy and autoimmune disorders, nutritional immunomodulation, Dietary components are able to impact the health of an animal in two ways; first, in a purely nutritive sense, supplying the necessary energy and amino acids to the animal, and second, by acting as bioactive molecules and influencing a number of functions within the animal, including immune health, dietary supplementation with nutrients (including macronutrients, vitamins, minerals, and trace elements) on aspects of the immune system including inflammation, leukocyte function, antibody production, as well as resistance to disease, malnutrition results in an impairment of the immune system, a reduction of antibody responses and defective T-helper cell subpopulations that can be reversed by feeding a high protein diet, research in several species, including dogs, indicates that overfeeding also has a detrimental effect on the immune system, resulting in a decreased resistance to the canine distemper virus and salmonella infection, maintain or improve immune health in companion animals, Excesses of individual amino acids also can be detrimental to the function of the immune system, It is well known that excessive intake of leucine has a detrimental effect on both cellular and humoral immunity in a number of species leading to decreased numbers of T lymphocytes and decreased antibody-forming cells or antibody titres, Increased stress is associated with lower telomerase activity and shorter telomere length, which are both markers of aging, age-related deterioration of the immune system is known as immunosenescence, also appears to be age-associated defects in non-T cells, such as antigen-presenting cells and dendritic cells, which fail to activate T cells effectively and contribute to a loss of immune function by affecting regulatory control, primarily via indirect changes in cytokine expression, dietary ingredients have the potential to modulate the immune system of healthy cats and dogs, across species and different breeds

Author: Infascelli F, Tudisco R, Mastellone V, Cutrignelli MI, Lombardi P, Calabrò S, Gonzalez OJ, Pelagalli A, Grossi M, D’angelo D, et al. 2010.

Colostrum ingestion in ruminants, maternal antibodies, Calves, suckling soon after birth, absorption of immunoglobulin (Ig), diseases of neonatal calves are related to a poor colostrum quality, polysaccharide fractions of Aloe has been reported as potent B cell stimulators, influence of Aloe arborescence fed to pregnant dry buffalo cows on IgG concentration of colostrum, Aloe supplementation can increase the immunological properties of colostrum thus resulting in improving passive transfer in newborn calves.

Author: Karaca K, Sharma JM, Nordgren R. 1995.

chicken spleen cells and HD11 line cells produce nitric oxide (NO) in response to Acemannan, complex carbohydrate derived from the Aloe vera, nitric oxide synthase inhibitor NG-methyl-l-arginine, Neither cell type produced detectable amounts of NO in response to similar concentrations of yeast mannan, another complex carbohydrate, ACM-induced NO synthesis may be mediated through macrophage mannose receptors, and macrophage activation may be accouantable for some of the immunomodulatory effects of ACM in chickens.

Author: Marta Sánchez, Elena González-Burgos, Irene Iglesias, and M. Pilar Gómez-Serranillos*

Aloe vera, treat skin injuries (burns, cuts, insect bites, and eczemas) and digestive problems because its anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and wound healing properties, mechanism of action, identifying the compounds responsible for these activities, acemannan, pharmacological studies (in vitro, in vivo, and clinical trials) of aloe vera gel, new pharmacological data research, studies refer to anti-cancer action, skin and digestive protective activity, and antimicrobial properties, Clinical trials with aloe vera, study the clinical effect of relevant metabolites in different human conditions and pathologies, bone protection, cancer, and diabetes, Aloe barbadensis Miller, Aloe vera has shown other therapeutic properties including anticancer, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antihyperlipidemic. Aloe vera contains more than 75 different compounds, including vitamins (vitamin A, C, E, and B12), enzymes (i.e., amylase, catalase, and peroxidase), minerals (i.e., zinc, copper, selenium, and calcium), sugars (monosaccharides such as mannose-6-phosphate and polysaccharides such as glucomannans), anthraquinones (aloin and emodin), fatty acids (i.e., lupeol and campesterol), hormones (auxins and gibberellins), and others (i.e., salicylic acid, lignin, and saponins), peer-reviewed scientific journals of the Pubmed database, acemannan Digestive Diseases Protection, increase of Pulp cell proliferation , ALP, Type I collagen, BMP-2, BMP-4, vascular endothelial growth factor and dentin sialoprotein expresión, Aloe polysaccharide, JAK2 and STAT-3 expression JAK2, p-JAK2, STAT-3 and p-STAT3 protein expression, Ulcerative colitis protection, Aloe vera extract, Cell viability, Aloe polysaccharide Skin Protection, TNF-? levels , ? IL-8 and IL-12 expression levels, p65 expression, IkB-alpha protein expression, Psoriasis protection, Aloe vera, Cell viability, Cell proliferation, Cell migration, Wound healing, Photodamage, Membrane integrity, maintenance, Lysosomal stability, TFG?1 and bFGF, factor expression, Cell number, Keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation, Cell surface expression of adhesion molecules (?1-integrin, ?6-integrin, ?4-integrin and E-cadhesin), Corneal epithelial cell wound closure (Aloe vera concentrations ? 175 ?g/mL),Type IV collagen-degrading activity , Aloe vera extract 200 X Aloe vera extract 200:1, CD25 and CD28 expression , Suppression of T cell proliferation, IL-2, IFN-? and IL-17A secretion, Aloe polysaccharide Anticancer Effects , ULK1 mRNA expression, BECN1 and BCL-2 mRNA expression, Acemannan Anti-Inflammatory Activity, Human gingival fibroblasts, IL-6 and IL-8 expression, NF-??/DNA binding, Peripheral blood mononuclear cells, MCF-7 cells and HeLa cells, Apoptosis induction, Cyclin D1, CYP1A1 and CYP1A2, Bax and p21 expression, Hamster pancreatic ?-cell line HIT-T15 in response to free fatty acids, Number of apoptotic ?-cell death, Relief of endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling, Antioxidant Properties, Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species, Human fecal bacteria, Bacterial growth (fructans), Bifidobacterium spp population, Acetate concentrations, H1N1 subtype Influenza A virus, H1N1 subtype influenza, virus replication, Viral adsorption period

Author: Alma millsoni, Ganoderma lucidum ,Archachatina marginata, Tony I. Ojiezeh1, Nosahkare’Odeh Eghafona2

antibody responses; broilers; extracts; supplementation, nutritional supplements for immunity, antibody production and humoral responses in viral challenged birds, supplemented with Aloe vera (AV) extract, Aloe vera enhanced the ability to mount humoral responses against viral infection in broiler chickens.

Author: Meisam Shokraneh, G. Ghalamkari, M. Toghyani, N. Landy

risk of bacteria resistance to specific antibiotics possibly by continuous subtherapeutical administration of antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) in poultry feed led to a ban on the use of AGP in poultry production, aloe vera is alternative substances for poultry growth promotion and disease prevention, effect of water supplementation of Aloe vera (AV) as an AGP substitute on performance, intestinal microflora, and immune responses of broilers, 1% Aloe Vera gel in drinking water, Body weight of broilers supplemented with different levels of Aloe Vera increased compared with control group, broiler, ileal microflora, immune responses, performance, continuous use of in-feed antibiotics is suspected to result in common problems such as increasing resistance of pathogens to antibiotics , accumulation of antibiotic residues in animal products and the environment, and imbalance of normal microflora, aloe vera is a natural additives, Aloe polysaccharides , humoral immune response and cellular immunity, acemannan activate macrophages to release inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-? (TNF-?), Aloe Vera gel has demonstrated antimicrobial properties against a wide range of pathogenic bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, AV gel on intestinal microflora and immunity in broiler chickens, positive effects of AV relative weight of lymphoid organs of broilers, AV on performance, intestinal microflora, and immune responses in broilers, Aloe Vera gel on broiler growth performance and other important biomarkers for broiler development and health such as carcass characteristics, ileal microflora, and humoral immunity when it is supplemented in drinking water.

Author: J Bush 1, R van den Boom 1, S Franklin 1

horses with Grade 2 or higher ulcer lesions (confirmed via gastroscopy) in the upper portion (squamous) and/or lower portion (glandular) of the stomach, randomly assigning them to one of two groups. One group received 17.6 mg/kg body weight, horses treated with aloe vera did show squamous lesion improvement

Author Halder S, Mehta AK, Mediratta PK.

Delayed-type hypersensitivity study, aqueous extract of Aloe vera, humoral and cell-mediated immunity, Aloe vera (400 mg/kg, p.o.) produced a significant decrease in foot pad thickness, A. vera can modulate immune response by augmenting secondary humoral immunity and decreasing cell-mediated immunity.

Author: Akhtar M, Hai A, Awais MM, Iqbal Z, Muhammad F, ul Haq A, Anwar MI,

immunostimulatory and protective effects of Aloe vera extracts, coccidiosis in industrial broiler chickens, immunostimulatory activity of Aloe vera, protective efficacy of Aloe vera extracts against coccidiosis in chickens, lymphoproliferative responses in chickens, maximum protection (60%) in chickens administered with aqueous Aloe extract , Aloe vera stimulate the immune responses and immunotherapeutic agent against coccidiosis in industrial broiler chickens, protection against avian coccidiosis

Author: Im SA, Oh ST, Song S, et al. (2005)

polysaccharides isolated from the gel of Aloe species, biological activities, including immunomodulatory and antitumor activities, Aloe vera that was partially digested with cellulase, Immunomodulatory activities of MAP preparations were examined on a mouse macrophage cell line, RAW 264.7 cells, and in ICR strain of mouse implanted with sarcoma 180 cells, polysaccharides between 400 and 5 KDa exhibit the most potent macrophage-activating activity as determined by increased cytokine production, nitric oxide release, expression of surface molecules, and phagocytic activity.

Author Djeraba, A. and P. Quere, 2000.

Acemannan (ACM 1), a ?-(1,4) -acetylated mannan isolated from Aloe vera, effective adjuvant in vaccination against some avian viral diseases, macrophage response after intramuscular inoculation in chickens (500 ?g per 2-month-old bird), aloe vera is efficiently and durably to increase the activation capacity of macrophages from the systemic immune compartment (in particular from the blood and spleen after an intramuscular injection) in chickens, especially for NO production, adjuvant activity of Aloe vera acemannan for viral and tumoral diseases, Aloe vera, is a polydispersed ?(1-4)-linked acetylated mannan, administration of aloe vera acemannan has a greater regression of tumors such as fibrosarcomas in mice, dogs and cats , Aloe vera acemannan improve the survival rate of cats infected with feline leukemia virus ,acemannan demonstrate some direct antiviral activity in vitro by inhibition of the multiplication of enveloped virus, immunomodulatory activity on macrophages, mannans bind to macrophages via protein receptors specific for mannose to be internalized as has been shown in vivo and in vitro , Following such internalization, acemannan) acetypol from AMB Wellness is able to activate macrophages in vitro by increasing the release of cytokines such as Il-1, Il-6 and TNF-? , increase T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity and proliferation, immunomodulatory activity of aloe vera gel acemannan is strong adjuvant properties in vaccination against avian viral diseases such as Newcastle disease and Marek’s disease, dose of acemannan immunomodulate macrophage activity in the chicken systemic immune compartment, effect on immune response , capacity of cells from the macrophage lineage to produce nitric oxide (NO), NO in mammals for its antiviral and antitumoral properties, and to modulate class I and II MHC cell surface antigens involved in antigen presentation.

Author Pugh N, Ross SA, ElSohly MA, Pasco DS

aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis) juice, immunostimulatory polysaccharide, Aloeride is between 4 and 7 million Da, glycosyl components include glucose (37.2%), galactose (23.9%), mannose (19.5%), and arabinose (10.3%), glycoprotein has been found to increase proliferation of normal human dermal cells, major composition of aloe gel consists of a mucilage of polysaccharide substances, polysaccharides are glucomannans, mannans, or pectins having a range of molecular weights, acemannan , consists of a polydispersed â-1,4-linked acetylated mannan interspersed with O-acetyl groups, aloe components may enhance wound healing is by activation of macrophages, production of cytokines by macrophages requires activation of these cells, and prolonged wound healing times in aged mammals may be symptomatic of impaired macrophage function, Pharmacological activities of acemannan include antiviral effects (7), activation of macrophages , stimulation of T cells (9), and induction of nitric oxide production, activation of transcription factor NF-kappa B controls the expression of multiple genes in activated monocytes/macrophages, Target genes regulated by NF-kappa B include proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, inflammatory enzymes, adhesion molecules, receptors, and inhibitors of apoptosis

Author: Alemdar S, Agaoglu S (2009).

antimicrobial activity of the Aloe vera juice against Gram-positive bacteria (Mycobacterium smegmatis, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Micrococcus luteus and Bacillus sphericus), Gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium) and Candida albicans as in vitro, antibacterial activity of the tested plant juice was found effective mainly against the Gram-positive bacteria.

Author Elaiyaraja G, Dhama K, Asokumar M, Palanivelu M, Malik YS, Sachan, S. Gopi M, Krishnaswamy N, Kumar D,

Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) causes an acute and highly contagious viral infection in poultry, which is highly immunosuppressive and increases susceptibility to various opportunistic pathogens, health beneficial effects of Aloe vera gel extract on the hematological parameters in IBDV vaccinated white leghorn chicks, 3% Aloe vera gel extract was given in water from day one to entire study period of 45 days, hematological parameters like WBC, heterophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, RBC, Hb, PCV, MCV, MCH and MCHC, lymphocyte count, Aloe vera increased the leukocytes count , use of Aloe vera in relation to poultry vaccinated with IBDV, further studies could reflect its potential use as an additive in poultry ration to achieve better production and to boost immune status of poultry against infectious disease

Author Cutrignelli MI, Bovera F, Tudisco R, D’urso S, Marono S, Piccolo G, Calabrò S. 2009.

normal intestinal biota of canine, livestock animal species, gas production technique (IVGPT) including measurements of accumulating gas during fermentation and end-product determinations allows obtaining a complete picture of microbial activity kinetics, chemical composition of substrates, fermentation kinetic parameters and end-products

Author: Rème CA, Mondon A, Calmon JP et al (2004)

cutaneous Microsporum canis, guinea pigs, lufenuron diminished or even cured dermatophyte infections in cats and dogs, animal model for dermatomycotic infection, treatment, skin lesions as compared to the vehicle-only treated animals, Clinical symptoms, scaling, crust formation, erythema, and exudation, antimycotic activity, antifungal potency

Author Im SA, Park CS, Lee CK.

Aloe vera; Acemannan; Immunomodulation; Anti-cancer activity ; Anti-viral activity; Hematopoiesis, Regression of murine sarcoma, Treatment of canine and feline neoplasms, Antitumor activity against Sarcoma 180 tumor cells, Regression of canine and feline fibrosarcoma, Stimulation of leukocyte production, Stimulation of macrophage formation, Enhancement of hematopoietic cytokine production in the liver and lung, Enhancement of hematopoietic cytokine production in the Peyer’s patch, Stimulation of leukocyte production inimmunosuppressed mice, Acemannan, aloe vera, Adjuvant activity to New castle disease virus, Clinical stabilization of feline leukemia virus, Relief of feline immunodeficiency virus, Adjuvant activity to polyomavirus, Adjuvant activity to reovirus, Inhibition of HIV-1 virus replication, glycoprotein, glycosylation, macrophage, dendritic cell, nitric oxide, Major histocompatibility complex, MHC) class II, professional antigen presenting cell, interleukin(IL)-1, cytokine, fibroblast, co-stimulatory molecule, mannose receptor, Toll-like receptor(TLR)

Author: P. Lombardi1 , N. Musco1 , M.I. Cutrignelli1 , M.P. Mollica2 , G. Trinchese2 , S. Calabrò1 , R. Tudisco1 , M. Grossi1 , V. Mastellone1,*, G. Vassalotti1 , M.E. Pe

complex polysaccharides of Aloe, improve immunity and oxidative status, ?-carotene influence immune function and health in the cow, biochemical profile and oxidative/inflammatory status, pregnant buffalo cows, doses was supplied (50 g/day/head) to pluriparae buffalo cows for 30 days before delivery, Blood chemistry profiles showed no adverse effects on health status, supplementation improves oxidative and inflammatory status with no negative effects on metabolism in water buffalo cow, buffaloes, Bubalus bubalis, Aloe arborescence, ?-carotene, oxidative status, Transition period compromise health, productivity and reproductive performance of dairy cows, Nutritional strategies, prevent metabolic diseases in the early days post-calving, and to improve milk production, aloe vera barbadensis, additional feed additives for use over a few weeks pre-partum, beneficial properties of Aloe spp, Aloe gel possesses wound healing , anti-inflammatory , healing, to treat oncology pain , antiviral , spermicidal and gastro-protective , cicatrizing properties, Immune-stimulating , anti-proliferative and cholesterol-lowering, mucilaginous polysaccharides, Aloe effects may derive from its activity on intestinal function, thus influencing absorption and availability of key substances , polysaccharides of Aloe have been reported as potent B cell stimulators, ?-carotene, the natural precursor for vitamin A (retinol) in ruminants, on reproduction, immune function and health in the cow and calf, ?-carotene, thus enhancing host defense mechanisms by potentiating lymphocyte and phagocyte functions, and decreasing the incidence of certain reproductive disorders, Aloe extract has immunostimulating activity in animal trials and it was also found to have beneficial phytotherapeutic and anti-tumoral properties , It is known that the anti-tumoral properties of Aloe depend not only on its immuno-modulatory effect, but also on a direct inhibition of cancer cell proliferation

Author: N. Riswanda, A. Mujnisa, M. R. Hakim

Prolonged use of antibiotic growth promoter (AGP) in poultry ration has resulted in residual effect on poultry products, natural substances that have antibiotic properties to replace AGP, Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis Miller) is a nutritious plant, beneficial effect on broiler chicken, research was to determine the best level of dietary Aloe vera supplementation on the performance of broiler chicken, rice hulls as bedding material, a feeder and a drinker, basal feed supplemented with Aloe vera for 0.75, 0.1, and 0.125%, chicken from supplemented group have a tendency to consume more feed, grew faster and higher feed efficiency compared to the control group. It seems that, increasing the level of Aloe vera powder in the ration is needed to improve the performance of broilers, A raising concern about healthy animal food as well as human health, a broader range of policy and research is dedicated to restricting or replace the antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) used in animal feed,

Author Muhammad Zeeshan Akram1 Muhammad Salman2 Hassan Jalal1 Muhammad Umair Asghar3 Zeshan Ali4 Muhammad Hassan Javed2 Minahil Khan5

extracts of Aloe vera (AV) at three different pH as a growth promoter, immunostimulant and coccidiostat agent in broiler production, extracts of Aloe vera (AV) at three different pH as a growth promoter, immunostimulant and coccidiostat agent in broiler production, broiler birds (Cobb), chicks, broiler starter and finisher diets supplemented, , Newcastle disease; Infectious bursal disease; Immunity; Antibiotics; Growth promotors, herbal product and alternative to antibiotic growth promoters, 50 ml/liter AV of pH 3 treatment showed relatively better results on growth performance parameters, immune response and coccidiosis in broiler chicken

Author: D. N. CARLOTTI ,H. GATTO

Topical therapy (locally acting), animal dermatological conditions, formulations are available for the prescribing veterinary surgeon: shampoo, lotion, spray, ointment, cream, milk and gel, veterinary dermatologists , shampoo can be used in a limited area (eg chin, feet, dorsolumbar, ventral areas), cleansing and therapeutical properties, all over the body surface of a dog or a cat for treating generalized conditions, allow the active ingredients to be properly absorbed and reach adequate levels in the deep cellular layers, efficacy of shampoos on skin hydration, the surface lipid film and stratum corneum (interesting in case of keratoseborrhoeic disorders) can be evaluated objectively using a variety of techniques : transepidermal water loss (TEWL) measurement, corneocyte counts, measurement of corneal layer thickness, stripping, chemical analysis of lipid film, water content measurement, surface biopsies and corneometry, topical formulations, especially in prolonging the action of active ingredients applied to the skin. Microencapsulation (multilamellar microvesicles, liposomes, spherulites) increases bioavailability of therapeutic agents and promotes immediate and residual moisturising properties. Active agents are released from liposomes by membrane rupture. Spherulite surfactants are amphiphilic (two antagonistic extremities – one hydrophilic, the other hydrophobic). They unit to form lamellar phases and are arranged in concentric layers according to a specific manufacturing process. They are multilamellar, each membrane acting as a diffusion barrier to reduce loss of active ingredients to the external environment. They can act as a vehicle for a great number of active agents, hydrophilic or hydrophobic (lipophilic), released continuously and progressively at the surface of hairs and skin. This surfactant formulation is very useful in dermatology because it allows hydrophilic, active ingredients access to an oily environment and conversely hydrophobic, active ingredients access to an aquatic medium. The type of surfactant varies. In some cases (cationic surfactants), their charge is positive and spherulites attach preferentially to hairs and skin, whilst in other cases (non-ionic surfactants), the charge is neutral, allowing spherulites to penetrate the deeper skin layers. A study has demonstrated that non-ionic spherulites can penetrate the epidermis, hair follicules, sebaceous glands and dermis, veterinary formulation (micro-emulsion, medicated shampoos.

Author: Praveen Sivakumara Banakar, Sachin Kumar, V V Vinay, Sonam Dixit, Nitin Tyagi, Amrish Tyagi

effects of supplementing aloe vera extract on rumen fermentation efficiency, nutrient utilization, lactation performance and antioxidant status of goats, feed aqueous extract of aloe vera at 20 and 40 g/kg dry matter intake, respectively, along with basal diet and experiment lasted for 100 days, milk production, yield of milk fat, protein, lactose and solids not fat (SNF) of goats in the Aloe vera group was significantly higher, activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase and levels of plasma ferric reducing total antioxidant power were high (P < 0.01) in the aloe vera supplemented group, aloe vera supplementation enhanced milk yield, propionic acid production, and antioxidant status without affecting nutrient utilization, inclusion of aloe vera at 40 g/kg of Dry Matter Intake would improve the rumen fermentation efficiency, lactation performance and overall health status of the dairy goats, parturition and lactation period; consequently, compromising their immunity, paradigm shift has driven animal nutritionists to look for safe and natural feed additives to conventional antimicrobials for sustainable animal production, feed additives, livestock industry, natural phytogenic feed additive (PFA), leaves no residue in the animal products, Plant-derived products or the plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) viz essential oils, saponins, condensed tannins, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds, forms the major constituents of PFAs, higher propionate production, increases microbial yield, reduces methanogenesis and enhances productive performance in ruminants, Aloe vera (AV) is one such source of PSMs that comprises the potential properties of natural phytogenic feed additive, Aloe vera is used in ethnoveterinary medicine and has a positive impact on animal health and welfare, potential of Aloe Vera to modulate the animals' rumen fermentation and health status, milk production, yield of milk fat, protein, lactose and solids not fat (SNF) of goats in the aloe vera group was significantly higher, Intake and digestibility of DM, OM, CP, NDF, ADF, and EE was unaffected (P >0.05) by aloe vera supplementation, aloe vera supplementation enhanced milk yield, propionic acid production, and antioxidant status without affecting nutrient utilization; however, results were better in the Aloe vera group, inclusion of aloe vera at 40 g/kg of DMI would improve the rumen fermentation efficiency, lactation performance and overall health status of the dairy goats.

Author: Martina Suto

source of polysaccharides that possess a great variety of biological activities, including cough suppression, Aloe vera, chemical composition and structural properties, on the cough reflex, method of mechanically induced cough was used in conscious cats, nylon fiber directed individually into the mucous area of the laryngopharyngeal and tracheobronchial airways via endotracheal cannula elicited the cough reflex, gel polysaccharide possessed higher cough-suppressing activity than dropropizine, antitussive activity, laryngopharyngeal and tracheobronchial mucous areas of the airways, expectoration predictor, therapeutic use, codeine, Cough is an important defense mechanism that accelerates mucus clearance, excessive secretions and foreign material from the airways as well as a common symptom of many respiratory and non-respiratory disorders, cough exceeds its physiological cleaning function, it is necessary to suppress it or maintain it at a tolerable grade, treatment of dry cough during catarrhs of the respiratory system, cough suppressive potency, aloe vera Polysaccharide acetylated mannans and polymannans, antibacterial and immunostimulant, structural similarity of the individual polysaccharide constituents isolated from A. vera with carbohydrate agents of a verified property to reduce cough

Author: Green, P. 1996.

aloe vera herbal, aloe vera natural and aloe organic, alternative medicine, veterinary medicine; Aloe vera products for pet treatments, and r use in horses and farm stock, equine clinical cases: an oral gel that is mixed with feed, and a topical gel used as a skin lotion, topical products for horses,

Author: Jinhua, Zhejiang

effect of aloe polysaccharides on swine antibody during immunization process with PPRSV vaccine, Aloe polysaccharides with high and low doses, high dose of aloe polysaccharide significantly increased antibody level, while low dose of aloe polysaccharide had not significantly increased antibody level, PRRSV inactivated vaccine with aloe polysaccharides could significantly increase antibody level, the attenuated vaccine only with high dose of aloe polysaccharides could increase antibody level,