Author: Harneet Marwah ,Tarun Garg, Amit K. Goyal &Goutam Rath

74% of drugs are taken orally and are not found to be as effective as desired, to improve such characteristics, transdermal drug delivery was brought to existence, this delivery system is capable of transporting the drug or macromolecules painlessly through skin into the blood circulation at fixed rate. Topical administration of therapeutic agents offers many advantages over conventional oral and invasive techniques of drug delivery, several important advantages of transdermal drug delivery are prevention from hepatic first pass metabolism, enhancement of therapeutic efficiency and maintenance of steady plasma level of the drug Human skin surface, as a site of drug application for both local and systemic effects, is the most eligible candidate available. New controlled transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) technologies (electrically based, structure-based and velocity-based) have been developed and commercialized for the transdermal delivery of troublesome drugs. This review article covers most of the new active transport technologies involved in enhancing the transdermal permeation via effective drug delivery system, Transdermal delivery system can transport the drug through skin into the blood circulation at fixed rate. Transdermal route gives an alternative to oral and i.v. delivery, local delivery is properly documented which includes targeted delivery, lower systemic exposure, and lower toxicity than oral medications. This system is also helpfull in the treatment of hair loss, neuropathic pain, acne, genital herpes, migraine, headaches, and sexual dysfunction, Transdermal delivery avoids the stomach environment where the drug can be degraded , Transdermal delivery avoids the first pass effect where active drug molecules can be converted to inactive molecules or even to molecules responsible for side effects, Provides steady plasma levels, easy to use and non-invasive, drug input can be stopped at any point after removal of the patch from the site , Increases compliance and reduces medical costs, Improves bioavailability, Best route for pediatrics patients, Suitable route for unconsious or vomiting patient, Lesser chances of overdose and easy detection of drug, Human skin: penetration barrier, Stratum corneum, Dermis, Hypodermis, Drug can be penetrated by three pathways such as transcellular route, paracellular lipid route and transappendgeal- route ,Transcellular Route: Moeity passes through both keratinocytes and lipids (straight path to the dermis), Paracellular Route: The most common penetration pathway of drug molecules. In this pathway, drug remains in lipid moeity and stay around keratin (easy for lipid soluble drug rather than proteins) , Transappendgeal Route: It makes continues channel for drug permeation but it hindered easily due to presence of hair follicles and sweat ducts, Physiochemical properties of the drug delivery system, release characteristics, drug release mechanism mainly depends on drug molecules which are dissolved or suspended in the delivery system and on interfacial partition coefficient or pH of the drug from delivery system to the skin tissue. If the drug is easily released from the delivery system, the rate of transdermal permeation will be higher, composition of drug delivery system, Composition may not affect release properties but may affect its permeability functionality. For example, methyl salicylate is more lipophilic than parent acid, and its percutaneous absorption is high when applied to skin in a lipoidal vehicle, Enhancement of transdermal permeation, majority of drugs will not permeate into skin for therapeutic use. Some enhancers are used for synergistic action without showings its properties), Strategies applied for permeation enhancement, drawback of transdermal delivery is permeation of active moeity through skin. So, various studies are done for enhancing its permeability percutaneously. Figure 3 depicts various strategies for increment of penetration. They act by three mechanisms: (1) By altering physicochemical properties of stratum corneum, (2) By changing hydrating property of stratum corneum, (3) By altering structure of lipids and protein in intercellular channel via carrier mechanism, Drug/vehicle interaction, Drug and prodrug selection, Active ingredient to be used should be judiciously chosen on the bases of pharmacological or physiochemical properties, Ideal properties for drug selection are: Less than 600 Da is preferred when diffusion coefficient is high, Good solubility in oil and water, High and adequate partition coefficient (1–3), Should carry melting point minor than 200?F, It should not metabolize in skin, Chemical enhancers help in permeation across the skin by disruption of the highly ordered structure of stratum corenum lipid, interaction with intercellular protein or improve partition of the drug into stratum corneum

The post Permeation enhancer strategies in transdermal drug delivery. appeared first on AMB Wellness.

Author: Barbara Joanna Ba?an , Marcin Niemcewicz, Janusz Kocik , Leszek Jung , Ewa Skopi?ska-Ró?ewska , Piotr Skopi?ski

aloe gel; antibody production; chemokinesis; mice; proliferation; splenocytes, antimicrobial activity, dietary supplement, Immunomodulation, chronic infections, polysaccharides (pectins, hemicelluloses, glucomannan, acemannan, and other mannose derivatives), stimulatory effect, Aloe vera extract, an increase in CD4 lymphocyte frequency in blood and serum immunoglobulin concentrations

The post acemannan experimental immunology.- Oral administration of Aloe vera gel, anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory herbal remedy, stimulates cell-mediated immunity and antibody production in a mouse model appeared first on AMB Wellness.

Author: Eli Harlev , Eviatar Nevo , Ephraim P. Lansky , Rivka Ofir , Anupam Bishayee

Aloe vera; acemannan; applications; biological activity; polysaccharide; structure, immunoregulation, anti-cancer, anti-oxidation, wound healing and bone proliferation promotion, neuroprotection, and intestinal health promotion activities, structure-activity relationships of acemannan, medical applications, pharmacological applications of acemannan, neuroprotection, and intestinal health promotion activities, prevention or treatment of skin diseases, metabolic diseases, cardiovascular diseases and cancers, immunomodulation, antimicrobial, antiviral, anti?cancer, anti?inflammatory properties, Polysaccharide acetylation, Acemannan, a ??(1,4)?acetylated soluble polymannose, immunomodulatory activity of acemannan on splenic lymphocyte, macrophage and dendritic cell, adaptive immune system and the innate immune system

The post Anticancer Potential of Aloes: Antioxidant, Antiproliferative, and Immunostimulatory Attributes appeared first on AMB Wellness.

Authors Eli Harlev1,Eviatar Nevo1,Ephraim P.Lansky1,Rivka Ofir2,Anupam Bishaye e3

Aloe?s pharmaceutical potential, against neoplastic disease, anticancer biological mechanism of acemannan, pluripotent effector cells, aloe induce macrophage activating activity, immunobiology, Aloe polysaccharide, combined with chemotherapeutic agents, such as cisplatin (DDP) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), enhances the therapeutic effect and reduces adverse side effects, tablet, powder, capsule, granule, suspension, syrup, oral liquid, emulsion, nanoparticle, liposome, ointment, patch, and injection, stimulatory activity of PAC?I (acemannan polysaccharide) on murine peritoneal macrophages

The post Aloe vera species has biological effect Anticancer Potential of Aloes: Antioxidant, Antiproliferative,and Immunostimulatory Attributes appeared first on AMB Wellness.

Author: Womble D, Helderman JH.

antiviral agent with immune enhancement capabilities, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (Tc) function, lymphocyte cultures, chromium release, alloantigen, allostimulation, T-cells, immune enhancing

The post Imunne system.-The impact of acemannan on the generation and function of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. Department of Internal Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2372. appeared first on AMB Wellness.

Author Endang Diyah Ikasari*, Anang Budi Utomo, Hanny Setyowati, Salasa Ayu Trisnawati

Ranitidine hydrochloride is a competitive inhibitor of histamine H2receptors, drug of choice in the treatment of ulcer, The drug has a short biological half-life of approximately 2–3 hours, thus a sustained release dosage form of ranitidine HCl is desirable. The aim of this study was to formulate and in vitro evaluate microgranules with ranitidine HCl, Microgranules were prepared by the wet granulation method using aloe vera powder as bio adhesive polymer. Increasing concentration of aloe vera powder results decreasing of flow rate, improving of moisture content, swelling index, in vitro bio adhesive, and dissolution efficiency, results indicated that aloe vera powder is a suitable polymer for developing a sustained-release dosage form of ranitidine HCl for local delivery in the gastrointestinal tract, The polymers used in the mucoadhesive dosage form of ranitidine HCl are a combination of aloe vera polymer 27.34% and Carbopol 934P 7.62% , mucoadhesive microgranule of ranitidine HCl undergoes a slow drug release at pH 7.8 because the gel expands optimally so that the release rate of the drug can be controlled. Many factors that influence dissolution test in vitro include dissolution media

The post THE EFFECT OF ALOE VERA POWDER (Aloe vera (L.) Webb) ON PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MUCOADHESIVE MICROGRANULES CONTAINING RANITIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE. appeared first on AMB Wellness.

Author: Sun?A Im, Young-Ran Lee, Young?Hee Lee, Myung-Koo Lee, Young In Park, Sungwon Lee, Kyungjae Kim, C. Lee

immunomodulatory component, Acemannan, a mixture of various length polymer chains of ?-(1,4)-linked acetylated galactomannan isolated from aloe vera, may be the best-characterized immunomodulatory polysaccharides, immunoaugmenting activities of acemannan are mediated through the activation of macrophages, Acemannan also augments hematopoiesis, induces maturation of immature dendritic cells, maximum immunomodulatory activity is between 5 kDa and 400 kDa;

The post in vivo immunomodulatory activity of acemmanan .-In vivo evidence of the immunomodulatory activity of orally administered Aloe Vera gel. Arch Pharm Res. 2010 Mar;33(3):451-6. Im SA, et al. appeared first on AMB Wellness.

Author Endang Diyah Ikasari1*, Intan Martha Cahyani2

several factors that influence dissolution test in vitro such as dissolution media. The AIF media (Atrial Intestinal Fluid) and the SIF media (Simulated Intestinal Fluid) media are among the media that can be used in the dissolution test. Mucoadhesive microgranule of ranitidine HCl using a combination polymer of aloe vera powder and carbopol 934P that expands maximally at pH 7.8. The purpose of this study was to determine the dissolution profile of mucoadhesive microgranule of ranitidine HCl in AIF (Artificial Intestinal Fluid) pH 7.8 and SIF (Simulated Intestinal Fluid) pH 7.8 with a line of identification approach, the method of making granules used is wet granulation. Data analysis using Statistic Product and Service Solution (SPSS) 16.0 with Test, the test results showed that the dissolution profile of AIF media followed Higuchi model while in SIF media following release model of order 1. Mechanism of release of mucoadhesive microgranule of ranitidine HCl on SIF media was better than AIF media. Media type significantly influence dissolution test, Ranitidine is a class of Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) class III which has high solubility and low permeability,

The post Dissolution Profile Mucoadhesive Microgranules of Ranitidine HCL using Polymer Combination of Aloe Vera Powder (Aloe vera L.) and Carbopol 934P On AIF and SIF Media with a Line of Identification Approach appeared first on AMB Wellness.

Authors J. Bland, D. Ph

effect of oral Aloe vera juice supplementation on gastric pH, stool specific gravity, protein digestion/absorption, and stool microbiology. Results indicate that supplemental oral Aloe vera juice is well tolerated by most individuals and has favorable effects upon a number of gastrointestinal parameters, A discussion of the potential role of Aloe vera juice on inflammatory bowel disorders, Aloe vera, when ingested orally, also has a systemic influence both on improvement of gastrointestinal function and possibly even other important physiological relationships. Individuals who have suffered from indigestion, irritable bowel syndrome, colitis, and excess acid stomach, have reported relief from these conditions by the oral administration of Aloe vera juice. The physiological effects of orally administered Aloe vera juice on gastrointestinal function has not been studied under controlled conditions. Such a study is essential to establish the role that orally administered Aloe vera juice plays in imparting favorable gastrointestinal functional changes, This study evaluates the impact of orally consumed Aloe vera juice on gastrointestinal function by evaluation of colonic bacterial activity, gastrointestinal pH, impact upon stool specific gravity, and gastrointestinal motility in normal subjects.

The post Effect of Orally Consumed Aloe Vera Juice on Gastrointestinal Function in Normal Humans. appeared first on AMB Wellness.

Author: C. Bender, S. Graziano, Benno F. Zimmerman, Helmut H. Weidlich

teas and herbal infusions, health promoters due to their content in antioxidant compounds, antioxidant capacities, through chemical and cellular assays, infusions and as ingredients in cosmetics products and in food formulations, protection against peroxyl radicals under physiological conditions, cell-based assay, cellular distribution and metabolism of the antioxidants

The post Antioxidant potential of aqueous plant extracts assessed by the cellular antioxidant activity assay. appeared first on AMB Wellness.