Authors Kallen Mulilo Nalyanya, Ronald K. Rop , Arthur Onyuka, Zephania Birech , Paul Kamau

Aloe barbadensis miller (Abm) mixed with carrageenan has been investigated as an alternative eco benign ingredient in mitigating hexavalent chromium Cr (VI) formation in thermally and photoaged wet blue and leather crust. The effect of post-tanning operations on the formation of Cr (VI) in wet blue and leather crusts due to spontaneous and accelerated ageing caused by exposure to the temperature of 80 “C and UV radiations for 132 hours is also presented. The Cr (VI) content was analyzed according to ISO 17075 standard procedure of Diphenyl carbazide and UV-VIS spectrophotometer at 540 nm. The levels of Cr (VI) in retanned wet blue leather were detectably high, while for tanned, dyed and fat liquored crusts, the levels were below detection limit of 0.2247 mg/kg. After ageing, the Cr (VI) content increased to a detectable level, the highest recorded in retanned wet blue, followed by fat liquored crust and with the lowest levels recorded in dyed wet blue leather. In all the aged samples, the levels were remarkably higher than the recommended 3 mg/kg. The levels of Cr (VI) in wet blue leathers processed with Aloe barbadensis miller/carrageenan were below detection limit of 3.587 mg/kg, even after exposing the samples to accelerated ageing conditions. Aloe barbadensis miller /carrageenan completely inhibits formation of Cr (VI) in wet blue and leather crusts. Aloe barbadensis miller/carrageenan will contribute to the eco benign and sustainable production of leather under the superior chrome-tanning technology.

Author: Textile School

Physical properties of Fabrics, Physical properties are the static physical dimensions of fabric. The following physical properties are used to define the static physical dimensions of strand fabrics: Fiber or filament: type, size, length, Yarn: diameter, twist, weight or size, count, fiber content for mixed yarns, ply., Weight: ounces per squared or yards per pound., Thickness: vertical depth. Fabric structure. Woven fabrics: weave type, warp and filling yarn count per linear inch, Knitted fabric: knit type, wale and course count per inch, Finishes: chemicals such as resins, starches, waxes and mechanical effects such as Calendaring and napping applied to the woven fabric to yield or enhance style, durability, and utility values. Fabric width: The length of the filling or course, Colour: Hue, value, and intensity (degree of brilliance), Fabric density: weight per unit of volume. Surface contour: the geometric dimension of the surface plane. Physical characteristics of fabrics, Physical characteristics are the dynamic physical parameters of fabric. They are physical changes in the fabric that result from applying outside forces on the fabric. Most of the durability and utility values of fabric are characteristics and not properties. There are four major categories of fabric characteristics that interest the apparel manufacturer. They are Style characteristics, Utility characteristics, Durability characteristics, Product production characteristics, There are often correlations among the four types of characteristics. A utility characteristic such as fabric elongation will be correlated to a working character, Styleristic such as sewing without stretching. Style characteristics of a fabric, Style characteristics are those changes which affect the emotional appeal, the fabric imports to the consumer. This is exemplified when a consumer handles a fabric and refers to the fabric with adjectives such as stiff, soft, hand, etc. The three basic categories for style characteristics are: Hand characteristic – are the changes of the fabric plane with hand manipulations, which exert tensile compression, molding, or supporting forces on the fabric. The hand characteristics include some of the utility characteristics, such as elongation, elasticity, flexibility, etc., Tactile characteristics – refer to the changes in surface contour that result from a mechanical force exerted on or against the surface structure. These changes apply to the surface contour aspects of the fabric surface and not the fabric plane. The surface contour changes dimension under tactile pressure (no matter how small the pressure) this is a tactile characteristic. Pile, napped, and any fabric whose surface contour can be varied by tactile pressure, have obvious tactile characteristics. Designers specify tactile characteristics with terms such as soft, coarse, rough, hard, smooth sticky, oily and greasy. Visual characteristics – are the changes in the color values when either the fabric or light is moved. End – to – end shading, side – to – side shading and mark – off are three color quality problems in addition to metamorphic fabrics. End – to – end shading – refers to changes in shade throughout the length; the shade of one end of the bolt differs from the shade of another end. Side – to – side shading – refers to changes in shade from selvage to selvage; the shade of the fabric along one selvage differs from the shade of the fabric along the other selvage. Mark – off – in the fabric is the phenomena of changing the shade and/or the intensity of the fabric surface by rubbing it. Metamorphic – fabrics exhibit color difference with the change in the spectral distribution(characteristics) of the illuminant, Utility Characteristics, Utility characteristics are changes in the fit, comfort, and wearing functions of the garment when the fabric engages a mechanical thermal, electrical, or chemical force during the utilization of the garment. The two major types of utility characteristics are transmission and transformation. A transmission characteristic transmits mass or energy through the fabric. Transmission characteristics include: Air permeability (includes all gases and vapor), Heat transmission ( thermal conductivity), Light permeability, Moisture transmission, Radioactivity transmission (the degree with which radioactive energy such as x-ray and gamma rays can penetrate fabrics).Transformation characteristics charge a physical property of the fabric. The property dimension(s) is altered without destroying the fabric. Changes which disintegrate the fabric are durability characteristics. Transformation characteristics include: Colorfastness, Crease resistance, Crock resistance, Dimensional stability, Pilling, Shrinkage, Static electricity etc, Durability characteristics, Durability characteristics are the capacities of fabric to maintain the style and utility characteristics during wear. It is the measure of stress which destroys the fabric or the fabrics ability to repeat a desired style or utility characteristic. The durability characteristics are: Abrasive strength (the measure of rubbing action), Bursting strength (the measure of vertical pressure), Launder-ability (the measure of washing), Tearing strength, Moth resistance, Tensile strength, Radiation absorption strength (the rate at which radiation energy either disintegrate a fabric or destroys utility characteristics), Fire resistance, Corrosive strength ( the measure of chemical action, acid or alkaline), Dry cleaning durability ( the measure of dry cleaning performance), Product Production working characteristics, Product production working characteristics are those characteristics which affect the quality of production with respect to quality values and the cost of production method. The working characteristics of a fabric include: The coefficient of friction ( cutting, sewing, pressing and packing), Sewed seam strength, Sewed seam slippage (yarn slippage), Sewing distortions, Yarn severage, Bondability strength (fused, cemented, and heat – sealed seams, Pressing moldability (to what degree a flat piece of fabric may be skewed during pressing with hand and /press buck), Die moldability – how well a flat seamless piece of fabric may be molded with dies into a given from such as a bra cup or a hat.

Author: Subrata Das, Dr.

The operation which is done for improving the appearance or look of the fabric is known as finishing. Fabrics generally carry various microorganisms which causes several problems to the wearer. The speedy growth in the textile industry has created many opportunities for variety of innovative finishes. In today’s world, naturally renewable resources are increasingly being required because of human dedication to protect environment. Apart from new innovations created using the fabric, value added finishing gives add up value to the fabric in this situation. During finishing process, the fabric attains beneficial characteristics like resistance to fire, wrinkle, mildew, etc. This high value-added fabrics have generated demanding consumer market. In the last few years, there is a growing awareness about the healthy and hygienic surrounding condition. The diseases normally spread from person to person and through the surface touch of the hands, clothes, etc. of that infected person. Antimicrobial fabrics have its large acceptance as surgical clothes, undergarments, baby clothing, etc. The antimicrobial finishing treatment is now extended to the traditional clothing and the home textiles. The antimicrobial agents kill or inhibit the growth of pathogens to control their effect. The natural fibers like cotton get easily attacked by the microbes, because of the presence of carbohydrates in the fibre. Antimicrobial finished fabrics have wide variety of applications in sports clothing, Footwear, medical textiles, furniture, automotive textiles, intimate apparels, etc. The presence of microorganism in the fabric causes unpleasant odor, staining and causes health problems. Microbial infections cause some danger to the skin and therefore, the garment which is worn next to the skin requires antimicrobial finish. To protect the skin of the wearer, the application of antimicrobial finish using some herbs are done. Two types of antimicrobial agents. Antimicrobial agents are of two types: leaching and non-leaching. The synthetic antimicrobial agents such as quaternary ammonium compound, triclosan and many others are used for the antimicrobial finish. However, these synthetic antimicrobial agents are durable but they cause many side effects. Currently, the synthetic antimicrobial agents are banned according to the US and European standards, there is an increasing demand for eco-friendly antimicrobial textiles depend on natural antimicrobial agent such as chitosan which does not cause any harm to the wearer. There are various variety of herbs which are widely used as a traditional medicine in America, Africa, Europe, etc. for treating various type of diseases. The different parts from the organic plant such as papaya, aloe vera, neem, banana, hemp extracts can also be used for the purpose of antimicrobial finish. Many plants in the world contain the compound which is responsible for antimicrobial activity. There are various compounds in the plant which is responsible for the antibacterial activity such as tannin, flavonoids, terpenoids, etc. They are both bactericides (which kills the micro-organism) and bacteriostatic (which inhibit the growth of micro-organism). Environment friendly antimicrobial textile can be produced using plant extracts. Various plants have been gathered and they are tested for their antimicrobial activity. An effective study was regulated to evaluate the plant extracts both qualitatively (AATCC-147) and quantitatively (AATCC-100) for their antimicrobial activity. Although, the plant extracts have shown effective antimicrobial activity, the vital issue is the wash durability. The durability of antimicrobial ?nishing against washing was assessed using quantitative (ICP-OES) and semi-quantitative (LA-ICP-TOF-MS) methods. The physical properties (weight, thickness, fabric structure, count, EPI and PPI) of the fabric before and after application of finish have also been analyzed. There are various natural antimicrobial agents available, but limited studies have been carried out for their antimicrobial activity on to the textile materials.

Authors Fiedler J.O. et al.

The microencapsulation of essential oils and its application in textile articles allows the aggregation of different functionalities to the substrates, imparting them antimicrobial properties, cosmetic effects, UV protection, application of drugs, among others. Therefore, the coacervation technique allows good results using starch to prepare the microcapsules. The objective of this work was the microencapsulation of Aloe Vera with cornstarch using the simple coacervation technique in cotton nonwoven fabric using butane tetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) as a binding agent. Optical and Scanning electron microscopy were performed to understand the morphology of the microcapsules obtained; thermogravimetry, to the comprehension of the thermal degradation of the microcapsules; mass gain percentage; FTIR was used to prove the interaction between nonwoven and microcapsule and finally, the CIE WI white index. The micrography allowed the observation of granular morphology, predominantly angular. The thermogravimetric curves have shown two significative thermal events: dehydration of the oil and degradation of the starch. The samples presented darker coloration; however, their quality was not compromised by the finishing. For this reason, the characterizations allowed to infer that the simple coacervation using this method is a simple process, with good results for the encapsulation of essential oils.

Authors Subrata Das, Arunava Das,T, Sathyamangalam, Erode District, Tamil Nadu, India; &S. Rama Nivashini

Aloe barbadensis miller is one such product exhibiting anti-microbial activity. Recent advances in the field of dentistry have promoted the use of Aloe barbadensis miller for treatment of various oral diseases and periodontal conditions. There are different polysaccharides in Aloe barbadensis miller, such as glucomannan with different molecular weight, acetylated glucomannan, galactogalacturan, glucoga-lactomannan with different compositions as well as acetylated mannan or acemannan. Acemannan is a long chain polymer consisting of randomly acetylated linear D-mannopyranosyl units has immunomodulation, antibacterial, antifungal, and antitumor properties Eco-friendly anti-microbial finishing on cotton woven fabric using Aloe barbadensis miller extract at various concentrations in the presence of eco-friendly cross-linking agent glyoxal by pad –dry –cure technique. Both the qualitative (AATCC –147, 1998) and quantitative (AATCC –100, 1998) evaluation was done to assess the degree of antibacterial activity of the Aloe barbadensis miller treated cotton fabric. The current trend deals with the potential of biotechnology in the textile industry. Now, there is a good deal of demand for the fabrics having functional/specialty finishes in general but antimicrobial finishes in particular to protect human being against microbes. The application of antimicrobial textile finishes includes a wide range of textile products for medical, technical, industrial, home furnishing and apparel sectors. The present investigation aims at developing an eco-friendly natural herbal finish from Aloe barbadensis miller extract for textile applications. The fabric exhibited high antimicrobial property at 5 g/l concentration. This is due to the fact that anti-microbial agent gets attached to the substrate through bond formation on the surface. The attached antimicrobial agent disrupts the cell membrane of the microbes through the physical and ionic phenomenon. The finishing agent inhibits growth of micro-organisms by using an electrochemical mode of action to penetrate and disrupt their cell walls. When the cell walls are penetrated, leakage of metabolites occurs and other cell functions are disabled, thereby preventing the organism from functioning or reproducing. Exhibition of less zone of inhibition for gram positive bacteria (Bacillusthuringiensis) is the reflection that Aloe barbadensis miller does show less antimicrobial activity against this bacterium.

Authors Nurul Izwanie Rasli a , Hatijah Basri a,* , Zawati Harun b

Zinc oxide (ZnO) was biosynthesized from aloe vera plant extract. The aloe vera plant extract was used as a reducing agent in biosynthesis process. Green synthesis method was proposed because it is cost effective and environmentally friendly. ZnO was characterized using SEM, EDX, FTIR, and XRD analyses. The antibacterial property was tested against Escherichia coli. The effects of aloe vera volume (2–50) mL, precursor concentration (0.001–0.300) M, reaction time (20 min–48 h), and temperature of the reaction (26–200) “C on ZnO characteristics were investigated and screened using a two-level factorial method. Based on the observation and ANOVA analysis result, precursor concentration was the only significant parameter that affected the production of the ZnO nanoparticles (NPs). The EDX analysis proved the presence of ZnO while the SEM analysis confirmed the average size of ZnO particle size was in the range of (18–618) ?m with a rod-shape appearance. The XRD analysis showed that the average crystallite size was 0.452 ?m and it was in the hexagonal phase. It was also proven to have antibacterial property against E. coli. Nanomaterial research has been developing rapidly and has potential in various areas, including biomedical, magnetics sciences, biosensors, optoelectronics, and catalysis. In the past years, green synthesis of nanomaterials such as silver, zinc oxide, magnesium oxide, gold, cerium oxide, copper oxide and titanium dioxide has been conducted extensively due to simple work-up procedure, environmentally benign nature, reusable, low cost, and ease of isolation. The biosynthesized NPs are also stable, capped by the biological compound, robust, and economical compared to other NPs produced by standard techniques. ZnO is one of the most valuable nanomaterials and is potential to be used in the industry. Furthermore, ZnO has been recognized as safe to be used as a food additive by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). ZnO possesses a wide bandgap yield (3.37 eV) and high excitation binding energy (60 meV) in which it absorbs a larger reaction of the UV spectrum and exhibits a greater photocatalytic performance than TiO2 in the photodegradation of organic pollutants. Physical, chemical, and biological methods have been used to synthesize ZnO particles. The synthesis route determines the properties of the produced NPs in terms of its crystal growth, morphology, size, size distribution, stability, and aggregation. Due to the increasing popularity of biological methods, different sources like bacteria, fungus, algae, and plants have been used to produce ZnO NPs. Plant extract is used as an aid in the synthesis of NPs as it is cheap and safe to the environment. Various works on the use of plant extract to synthesize ZnO NPs have been reported. Aloe vera is also well known for its medicinal properties and has been used as a soothing agent for burn and inflammation. Furthermore, the therapeutic properties of aloe vera have been employed in the commercial applications of pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetics. The extract of aloe vera plant has been used for the synthesis of gold, silver, copper oxide, indium oxide, titanium dioxide, cerium oxide, and tin oxide. Biosynthesis of ZnO using aloe vera extract, the biosynthesis of ZnO was conducted by applying a screening step using two-level factorial experimental design with the aid of Design Expert software. The purpose of the screening steps was to determine the parameters that influenced the production of the nanoparticles. Four parameters were studied, namely aloe vera volume, reaction time (stirring time), precursor concentration, and temperature. Antibacterial activity. After 24 h of incubation, the active inhibition zone measured was around 1.325 mm2. The existence of inhibition zone clearly indicates the involvement of membrane disruption and leads to the death of pathogens. ZnO is a well-known antibacterial agent and effective at very low concentration of bacteria as confirmed by previous studies. In addition, the small size of the biosynthesized ZnO provides a large surface area and this leads to more contact between the NPs and the bacterial cells. From the result, the biosynthesized ZnO from aloe vera plant extract has been proven to have antibacterial property, the biosynthesized NPs at various concentrations of 2–12 mM reacted against bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Serratia marcescens, Proteus mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii and as well as fungi like Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus nidulans, Trichoderma harzianum, and Rhizopus stolonifera.

Authors F. Saad, A.L. Mohamed, M. Mosaad, H.A. Othman, A.G. Hassabo,

The technical feasibility of using Aloe Vera Polysaccharide as a thickener for printing on cotton, wool, and polyester fabrics was examined. Alginate, carboxymethyl cellulose, and DELL thickener P were mixed with aloe vera polysaccharide gel to enhance its rheological performance as a thickener in textile printing. The rheological properties of aloe vera polysaccharide gel-based printing pastes with and without different additives were studied. The effect of pH and a reducing agent on the prepared aloe vera polysaccharide gel-based thickeners was examined. The color strength (absorption and dispersion) and fastness of each printing paste were examined on each fabric. The fabrics printed with modified thickeners demonstrated superior rubbing fastness and handle compared with the standard printed samples and the optimal printing properties were achieved with a printing paste containing a 70/30 ratio of aloe vera polysaccharide gel to additive. Printing is a popular method of textile decoration and is defined as the localized application of a dye to specific areas of the substrate. This is usually accomplished by adding printing paste containing dyes or pigments to the fabric’s surface. Printing paste is a viscous liquid that contains dyes and other essential ingredients, and it is applied to the material using a variety of methods such as screen printing and roller printing. Thickeners are important in the formulation of printing paste because they modulate the consistency of the paste to ensure uniform flow during the printing process. The correct color, design definition, evenness, and softness are important factors of successful printing; these factors are affected by the type of thickener used. The use of artificial thickeners in the printing industry has several negative environmental consequences, including undesirable textile behavior, detrimental effects on plumbing systems, and environmental contamination. These negative effects can be reduced by replacing synthetic thickeners with eco-friendly, natural thickeners that are nonallergenic and nontoxic to humans, with few or no waste treatment issues or safety concerns. In addition, thickeners derived from natural plants are nonhazardous, cost-effective, eco-friendly, and do not cause fabric stiffness. Natural thickening agents are extracted from sources such as plants, seeds, algae, and microorganisms. Natural thickeners used in printing are mainly polysaccharides with numerous hydroxyl groups derived from plant exudates, seaweeds, seeds, and roots. Some of them are ideal for printing with a specific color class, but they must frequently be modified to meet printing requirements. Aloe vera gel is 99–99.5% water, with the remaining 0.5–1% solid material containing the polysaccharides and a variety of other compounds such as pectin, cellulose, hemicellulose, galactomannan, acemannan, amino acids, minerals, enzymes, phenolic compounds, and organic acids. Polysaccharides make up most of the dry matter of the aloe vera parenchyma. Recently, extracted aloe vera gel has been used as a thickener in the printing process, the rheological behavior of the aloe gel reportedly offers shear-thinning characteristics, which could be attributed to the gel’s high-water content. Modification might improve the rheological properties of aloe vera gel as a printing paste thickener. Thus far no modification of aloe vera gel has been attempted before using it as a thickener in textile printing. Because aloe vera gel possesses eco-friendly properties, any additives should be also eco-friendly to preserve the main advantage of using aloe vera gel as a thickening agent. Therefore, a new, simple modification process was used in this study. Different biopolymers and a synthetic thickener were added to the aloe vera gel before using it in printing paste. This modification is intended to increase the total solid content of the gel to overcome the rheological disadvantages of its unaltered behavior without reducing the advantages of using aloe vera gel. To determine the desired rheological behavior for a thickening agent in the paste printing process, the rheological properties of unmodified aloe vera gel were compared with two biopolymer-modified gels and one synthetic commercial thickener in this study. The rheological behavior of the modified thickeners was also studied, including the effect of pH and the effect of reducing agents on thickener behavior. The effect of the prepared aloe vera thickeners on the color strength, fastness, mechanical, and physical properties of the various printed fabrics was also assessed. As is standard practice, each fiber type must be printed with the correct printing paste under specific conditions (composition ratio, pH, thickener type, and behavior). Therefore, during this study, the different fabrics (cotton, wool, and polyester) were printed using the appropriate dyes for the fibers (reactive, acidic, or dispersed).

Authors Ramratan Guru , Rohit Kumar , Deepika Grewal

All consumers nowadays preferences natural herbal textile dye garment items. These herbal dye cloths are better for the environment. It produces a chemical-free, non-toxic product that does not harm the environment or nature. Herbal textiles are coloured totally with herbal extracts and no chemicals are used. Herbs are utilized instead of vegetable colours since they are both natural and medicinal. Because synthetic dyes produce a great amount of waste and unfixed colorants represent a serious health danger and disrupt nature’s eco balance, these herbs are applied directly to the fabric with the help of natural substances, preserving the medicinal worth of the herbs. Consumer interest in natural dyes has resurfaced because of environmental concerns about the manufacturing and usage of synthetic colors. Natural herbal dyes were employed on the surface of linen fabrics in this investigation. Natural herbal colors such as turmeric, aloe vera, neem, beetroot, pomegranate, and onion were employed in this project. Edible gum and cow urine have been used to improve colour fastness and dye absorption. We’ve discovered that the appearance of natural dyes on linen fabric is excellent. It has been discovered that herbal dyes have excellent dry and wet rubbing fastness properties on linen fabric surfaces. The main purpose of this study is to develop a novel method to natural herbal dyes that may be used more broadly in the textile industry. It will also help to prevent problems such as skin allergies and infections.

Authors Meram S. Abdelrahman, Sahar H. Nassar, Hamada Mashaly, Safia Mahmoud, Dalia Maamoun, Tawfik A. Khattab

Thickeners have been used as a significant component in textile printing pastes. They are characterized with high molecular weight, high viscosity in an aqueous medium, good storage, long hydration time consistent with other printing paste components and being colorless. They impart plasticity and stickiness to the print paste with the ability to introduce designs without bleeding. The major function of printing pastes is to hold, adhere and transfer the dyestuff onto the targeted fabric. There have been various well known synthetic and natural thickeners. Color is a major significant factor in textile manufacturing and application employing either natural or synthetic dyestuffs for conventional or smart textiles. Thickeners are known as thick materials which can impart gumminess and plasticity to the printing pastes so that it can be applied on the cloth surface with a specific design outline and without bleeding or scattering. Hence, thickeners are generally functioning with the following advantages: To provide the essential viscosity to the print paste, to carry the printing ingredients into the fabric surface, to prevent premature interaction between the printing ingredients. There are four important approaches to generate thickeners: low concentration of high molecular weight polymers, high concentration low molecular weight materials, emulsion of two immiscible fluids, dispersion of finely divided solids (e.g. Bentonite). Quality of printing paste depends on the following desirable properties of thickeners: Printing paste stability to storage, pressure and temperature, properties of produced dry film, effects on color yield (e.g. diffusion and fixation), preparation simplicity, removal from fabric surface, low price and easily obtained, easy to remove by washing after drying, homogeneous distribution of printing paste, environmental impacts, styles and techniques of printing, type of fabric used, compatibility and stability to different printing ingredients including dyes and auxiliaries, provide sharp outlines without bleeding or spreading, good mechanical properties, to prevent dusting of dry film, good diffusion to provide maximum color yield, good absorption of condensed water to guarantee free space for dye and water, molecules to penetrate into the fibers, It should not hold the colorant or keep it away from fabric, good drying to prevent spreading and wetting, transparency and good solubility, to avoid “fish-eyes”. Therefore, a variety of polysaccharides derivatives, synthetic polymeric materials, and emulsion thickening agents were developed. Those developed thickening agents were characterized by plasticity and stickiness to clothing with sharp outlines. The choice of a thickening agent largely depends on the type of dye and style of printing. According to compatibility between both of dye and thickener, broad rules for the choice of thickener have been laid. For example, reactive dyes are used with Sodium Alginates which comprise fewer crosslinking properties, while pigments were used with synthetic thickeners, in addition to binder. The choice of a thickening agent also depends on the fabric characteristics. Thickeners function as a carrier of coloring matter, chemicals, solvents, and auxiliaries, bringing it into close contact with fabric surface during the coloration process. Thickeners are expected to create acceptable adhesion and consistent distribution of the printing pastes to fabric surface. Thickeners prevent the separation of the dye to occur which results in level prints with sharp outlines; at the same time as thickeners should possess the required physical and chemical properties (e.g. viscosity and flow property). The storage stability of the thickener paste must be high enough. It should be compatible and inert to dyes and other auxiliaries included in the printing paste. They should possess the ability to absorb steaming water without flushing. They are expected to have high-quality thermal and photo-stability without film break during the high temperature steam or thermal fixation. The removal of the thickener from the fabric surface after fixation should be straightforward. Among the commonly known thickening agents are biological polymers, chemically customized biological polymers such as sodium alginate, starch or customized starch, galactomannan or customized galactomannan, and carboxymethyl cellulose.

Authors Son K, Yoo DI, Shin Y

Recently, there has been a growing concern of consumers for natural dyed and functional fabrics. To meet this, research on natural dyed fabrics with functionality are being conducted. A new terminology, so-called ‘cosmetic textiles’, is a consequence of the fusion of cosmetics and the textile industry through various techniques, such as micro-encapsulation and has now opened new target groups and sustainable markets in the textile industry. The group of textiles that works to provide a moisturizing effect on human skin is called cosmetic textiles for moisturizing. Vitamin E belongs to the group of liquid-soluble vitamins and its chemical term is alpha-tocopherol. Since vitamin E shuts out hazardous oxygen, which is the cause of skin aging, and offers a superior moisturizing effect, it is often used as a functional cosmetics material. Furthermore, vitamin E has been widely used as a useful ingredient in drug medicine, food, etc. However, vitamin E is subject to oxidation due to the low reliability on external factors, such as heat and oxygen. These disadvantages make it difficult to apply vitamin E directly to textile finish. In cosmetic textile fields, micro-encapsulation techniques containing core materials, or functional materials, such as fragrant, phase change material, and antimicrobials are being applied to improve safety and durability of functional materials. Also, with microcapsules containing vitamin E for underwear, T-shirts, and bedding, which all have direct contact with the skins, the effect of vitamin E on the skin will be able to be sustained for a long period of time. Meanwhile, the application of natural dyes on textile materials is gaining worldwide popularity due to the increasing awareness of environment, ecology and pollution control. Natural indigo showing distinctive blue color is one of the oldest known dyestuffs. It is excellent in colorfastness and functionality such as antimicrobial properties, deodorization and anti-insect properties, compared with other natural dyes. The fixation of vitamin E microcapsules was carried out by pad-dry-cure method on dyed cotton knit. Cotton knit was dyed with natural indigo, and subsequently treated with microcapsules containing vitamin E. To improve the hand of the microcapsules-treated fabric, a softener was treated in a simultaneous step with microcapsules or in a separate step after dyeing process. The treated fabrics were evaluated for SEM observation, amount of vitamin E, physical properties, and color.

Authors Manikanika Lalita Chopra

Environmental pollution due to industries like textile industries, paper and pulp industries, pharmaceutical industries and so on is a major problem which is increasing day by day. Effluents like dyes and drugs releases from industries can be degraded by various methods and out of which photocatalytic degradation using nanoparticles have been reported by different researchers. Different nanoparticles like titanium dioxide, molybdenum oxide, iron oxide, zinc oxide etc can be used in photocatalytic degradation and their synthesis can be done by various methods like chemical, physical and biological. In this review article photocatalytic activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized by green method using aloe vera is reported. Investigations and findings of this work have been highlighted. Zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized using aloe vera were characterized by analytical techniques such as UV–vis spectroscopy which showed maximum absorption of zinc oxide nanoparticles occurs around 350 nm, FTIR shown bands of Zn-O stretching and other groups like Cdouble bondO, Cdouble bondC, Csingle bondN etc. present in aloe vera, particle size was calculated by SEM, EDX confirmed the elemental composition of nanoparticles and crystalline nature of zinc oxide nanoparticles analyzed by XR. D spectrum.

Authors C. K. Venil, Z. A. Zakaria, and W. A. Ahmad

culturable bacterial endophytes from the medicinal plant Aloe vera, their antimicrobial spectra against pathogens, and the potential of bacterial endophytes in textile and paper dyeing. Culturable seventeen bacterial endophytes were isolated from the Aloe vera plant out of which 16 showed varied antimicrobial activity against both human pathogens i.e., bacteria & fungi E. coli, S. pyogenes, acne bacterial isolate (ABI), A. niger, and F. oxysporum. Simultaneously, the bacterial endophyte ENDB3 is producing extracellular green-brown color pigment under submerged (SmF) condition and the extracted pigment has shown promising results in textile and paper dyeing at lab scale without using mordant. All the bacterial endophytes showed resistance against standard antibiotics (penicillin G P(10 units), Oxacillin (1 mcg), Cephalathin (30 mcg), Clindamycin (2 mcg), Erythromycin (15 mcg), and Amoxyclav (30 mcg)) at the specific concentration used. Concludingly, bacterial endophyte ENDB3 is found capable to produce bioactive molecules with pharmaceutical and dyeing industries which may provide a new path in the pursuit of new biological sources of drug and natural dyeing candidates. Hence, we suggest further evaluation and characterization of their bioactive molecules for pharmacological and dyeing potential.

Author: R.R. Bonaldi

Functional fibers, Functional fabrics, Finishing treatments Thermal retardance, Moisture management, Easy-care , Self-cleaning , Insect-repellence , Antimicrobial, Ultraviolet, protection, Radiation protection, Antistatic, Impact protection, Chemical protection

Authors J. McLoughlin, Roshan Paul

The advancement of fibers, yarns, textile materials, functional finishing, electronics, and clothing physiology combined will continue to augment people’s lives in a plethora of areas, in medicine, the military, firefighting, extreme sports, and many other apparel applications. It is rarely understood that the manufacture of textiles is much more than this. Air bags, for example, in cars are made from textiles, designed to save our life in the unfortunate circumstance of a car crash. Protective apparel for racing car drivers, for the military personnel who fly combat aircraft, and firefighters, some of the applications in which, high-performance apparels play apart. A relatively new buzz word, smart textiles in apparels are becoming widely spread with underwear and shirts that can monitor blood pressure and respiratory measurements and also provide heat under extreme weather conditions.

Authors Kunal Singha, SubhankarMaity, PintuPandit, Md. Ibrahim H. Mondal

Protective textiles are one of the fastest growing sectors of technical textiles globally. The primary role of everyday clothing is to protect the human body from adverse climate, and the term protective textiles is used when they have been especially developed for extraordinary protection such as from fire, wind, microorganisms, chemicals, gas, ballistic, radiation electricity, etc. There has been a recent trend to develop these materials from natural resources. This chapter provides an introduction to these types of protective textiles, including spacesuits, antibacterial, chemical protective clothing, flame-retardant fabrics, nuclear and radiological protective clothing, ballistic protection, industrial protective fabric, etc. in detail, along with brief descriptions of their materials, specific intended applications, the preparation process, and their design.

Authors S. Petrusic, V. Koncar

Textile structures with embedded microcapsules loaded with an active agent are applied in many areas such as medicine, cosmetics, and wellness. The fabrication of textile-based systems for the controlled release of an active agent is a demanding process due to numerous requirements such as efficient protection of entrapped material, its availability and release at a controlled rate, as well as efficient embedding of microcapsules into the textile substrate. controlled release and microencapsulation while highlighting the role of textiles in the release of various active agents. Challenges in developing an efficient textile-based vehicle for controlled release will be outlined. In addition, aspects of complexity in the incorporation of microcapsules in a variety of textile structures will be highlighted. Parameters such as the composition of microcapsule polymer walls, types of binders/cross-linkers, the method of embedding microcapsules, and their durability will be discussed. An overview of the controlled release of microencapsulated active agents, such as drugs, fragrances, vitamins, or insect repellents will be presented. Future trends in controlled release from textiles

Authors. Guadalupe Alvarado-Moralesa, Rafael Minjares-Fuentesb,?, Juan Carlos Contreras-Esquivela, Julio Montañeza, Jorge Armando Meza-Velázquezb, Antoni Femeniac

Impact of thermosonication on Aloe vera juice, Functional properties and the main polysaccharides, Swelling and fat adsorption capacity were improved by thermosonication, promotes a low degradation of acemannan polysaccharide, Microbial inactivation of Aloe vera juice could be promoted by thermosonication, Thermal processing, Acemannan was the predominant polysaccharide in Aloe vera juice followed by pectins. Interestingly, thermosonication promoted a minor degradation of the acetylated mannose from acemannan than thermal processing. On the other hand, the degree of methylesterification of pectins was slightly reduced because of thermosonication. Further, swelling and fat adsorption capacities were improved by thermosonication. Thus, the highest values for swelling (>150?mL/g?AIR) and for fat adsorption capacity (?120?g?oil/g?AIR) were observed when thermosonication was performed at 50?”C for 6?min. Moreover, high inactivation of L. plantarum (?75%) was observed when thermosonication was carried out at 50?”C for 9?min. Interestingly, thermosonication promoted a similar color change (?E?=?7.7) to the modification observed during pasteurization carried out at 75?”C for 15?min (?E?=?8.2?±?0.9). Overall, these results suggested that thermosonication could be a good alternative to thermal procedures of Aloe vera juice, since not only caused minor degradation of bioactive polysaccharides but was also able to improve functional properties.

Authors K. H. Prabhu and Aniket S Bhute

consumer interests is awareness of possible risks during production of synthetic dyes which involve use of petrochemical based raw materials and the violent chemical reactions for their synthesis. The manufacture of such dyes is energy intensive with adverse impact on environment adding to its pollution. Many of these dyes, especially the azo- based ones, are found to be carcinogenic. In this background, a brief review of natural colorant from plant sources, their classification, chemical constituents responsible for producing different colors, its activities and effect of different mordants on the hue is discussed. Different classes of mordants employed for fixation of natural coloration on textiles substrates, the use of synthetic dyes is gradually decreasing due to an increased environmental awareness and harmful effects because of either toxicity or their non-biodegradable nature, the natural dyes have their own limitations like availability, colour yield, stability, and complexity of dyeing process and reproduction of shades. Furthermore, natural dyes cannot entirely replace synthetic

Authors R. Paul,

functional finishes, these are wet processes used to produce special effects on fabrics or to improve specific properties, many of these effects are required to increase the customer appeal of products or to augment fabric properties for particular end-uses, such as outdoor wear or protective clothing, Softening handle, shrink-proofing, mechanisms, shrink-proofing methods, zero AOX shrink-proofing, enzyme technology, flame retardation, insect proofing, easy-care garments, waterproofing, laminated and double face fabrics, stain resist treatments, sanitizing, plasma treatments, nano-finishes, optimum fibre production, garment setting, reducing static, future trends,

Author: Md.Ibrahim H. Mondal · Joykrisna Saha Md. Ashadur Rahman

Aloe vera are extensively used to prepare the di?erent types of textile composite which are involved in the ?eld of wound healing, tissue engineering, medical textile, health care textiles, curative garments, cosmetotextiles, UV protective textiles, wearable electronic textiles and so on. Aloe vera is used in pre-treatment and printing due to its succulent enzymatic and gummy characteristics. Aloe gel also contains a salty substance that allows its use in natural, eco-friendly dyeing. application of Aloe vera to textiles for therapeutic purposes, for an anti-bacterial and for UV protection, in wet processing and manufacture of cosmetics, as well as in high technology industries. We also consider the use of Aloe vera in textiles for the capture of free radicals. Anti?microbial Efficacy of Aloe vera in Textile Manufacture, Anti-microbial textile materials play a vital and crucial role, not only in the health care and medical sectors but also in hotel administration, in homes and in other environments where hygiene is required. Pathogenic and non-pathogenic microbes are always present in our environment. Microbes include a wide range of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, algae, and viruses, which cause disease. New strains of bacteria and viruses always appear, making the disease more likely. Microorganisms are everywhere in hospitals, being emitted by sick people. In hospitals, surgical gowns and masks, surgical head ware and foot ware, surgical drapes, bed sheet, bedding, towels, and the clothing of all the people present in the hospital, can carry microorganisms, and thus spread disease. For all these situations, textiles with anti-microbial properties are needed. Massive proliferation of microbes was found on the untreated cotton surface. But a remarkable decline in S. aureus microbial adhesion was observed on the Aloe vera- treated cotton fabric. The Aloe vera gel contains active components that act as an e?ective bactericidal agent on the fabric and hinder the growth of S. aureus gram-positive bacteria. Microbes were visible on the untreated cotton surface. Aloe vera-treated cotton fabric contained fewer microbes than untreated fabric. Aloe vera-treated cotton exhibited excellent anti-microbial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli). The Aloe vera treated cotton fabric shows more resistivity against microbes and no propagation was found in the sur-rounding treated fabric surface. It is assumed that Aloe vera bleeds di?erent components from the treated fabric which are responsible for inhibition and kills the microbes, Aloe anthraquinone was applied to the cotton fabric and its antibacterial e?cacy tested against E. coli and S. aureus. Antifungal e?cacy testing has also been carried out for C. albicans. The Aloe anthraquinone-modi?ed fabric showed better antibacterial properties than the untreated sample. Almost 91% of bacterial inhibition was found for treated fabric against both E. coli and S. aureus bacteria. Furthermore, fungi reduction was found up to 69% for C. albicans. C. albicans showed a lower inhibition rate than did E. coli and S. aureus bacteria. This is attributable to the cationic nature of Aloe anthraquinone, which adsorbs the anions of the bacterial cell wall and cracks the peptide polysaccharides quickly. On the other hand, the fungi cell wall is made of amylase, which is di?erent from the walls of bacteria Testing of the antimicrobial e?ciency of the untreated and Aloe vera-treated fabric was performed by a quantitative method. Di?erent solution concentrations, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5g/l of Aloe vera gel were applied to the fabric. The bacterial reduction rate of Aloe vera’s ?nished fabric varied with the concentration of Aloe vera. The reduction rates of bacteria colonies gradually increased with increasing the solution concentration. Fabric treated with 5g per litre of Aloe vera exhibited a high level of anti-microbial activity.5g/l Aloe vera treated cotton bleached fabric showed 15 and 17mm zone of inhibition against gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus thuringiensis) and gram-negative bacteria (E. coli) respectively by agar diffusion method. How-ever, Aloe vera treated fabric exhibited more than 70% of its initial antibacterial property even after 20 washing, some study shown that anti-bacterial Journal of Polymers and the Environment 1 3and anti-fungal activities of Aloe vera-treated cotton fabric. The bacterial and fungal reduction percentages of the treated fabric were found to be 75, 80 and 81%, against E. coli, S. aureus and C. albicans, respectively. The acemannan, anthraquinone, and salicylic acid components of Aloe vera extract may be the basis for its anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties. Aloe vera-treated cotton fabric showed a clear zone of inhibition against S. aureus bacteria, but no zone of inhibition was found in an untreated sample, combined application of Aloe vera and Neem extracts on cotton fabric showed excellent antimicrobial properties against E. coli and Aspergillus Niger, as compared to the application of either Aloe vera or Neem extracts alone. 40% Aloe vera gel concentration showed a higher zone of inhibition, of about 29 and 23mm, respectively, com-pared, to 20% gel treated fabric, at 19 and 17mm, respectively, against S. aureus and E. coli, Cosmetic Textiles (Cosmetotextiles), Textiles can possess skincare properties; they are called cosmetotextiles. Cosmetotextiles are textiles which contain carriers with active substances, these carriers, generally by polymeric nature release their active compounds when in contact with the human body. To obtain cosmetotextiles one strategy is to employ the microencapsulation technique. Microencapsulation can be used in the application of fragrances, skin softeners substances, phase-change materials (that help the thermoregulation of the body), anti-microbial agents and drug delivery systems among others A new terminology, so-called ‘cosmetic textiles’, has now opened up new target groups and sustainable markets in the textile industry. Cosmetic textiles, an industry that has grown along with consumer interest in wellness and well-being, currently includes a wide range of microencapsulated ingredients such as Aloe vera, vitamin E, retinol, and ca?eine, said to o?er moisturizing, ?rming, or slimming bene?ts. Cosmetic textiles indicate the functional textiles, especially garments, underwear which comes in direct contact with the skin through the process of microencapsulation. Cosmetic textiles currently o?ered on the market claim to be moisturizing, perfumed, cellulite reducing and body slimming, skin softeners sprayed, phase change agents, drug delivery system, antimicrobial agents, Upon contact with skin, skin-caring ?brous materials are designed to transfer an active substance for cosmetic purposes. The thought is accomplished by basically giving the bioactive agents into wearable textiles so that with the normal movement of the body, the skin is gradually supplemented and revived. Another important issue for cosmetic textiles is biological safety. The biological safety means, the cosmetic textiles did not release any toxic ingredients to the human skin, cosmetic textile agent containing Aloe vera for skin-caring bene?ts for the development of cosmetic textiles by microencapsulation technique. Cosmetic textile agent treated textile materials did not cause any deaths of cells in the cytotoxicity test, indicating that it was non-cytotoxic to the ?broblast cell line (NIH-3T3). In addition, formaldehyde content was not found in the cosmetic textiles. Hence, both the cosmetic textile agent and cosmetic textiles are believed biologically safe to consumers cosmetotextiles impregned with aloe vera microcapsules help to improving elasticity of the skin , slimming, improving fitness of the skin, moisturizing effect, Aloe vera Based Composite for Foods Packaging Active, bio-friendly and natural-based materials are one of the innovative concepts in the ?eld of research on packaging materials. The development of systems involving the employment of completely biodegradable polymers and natural bioactive components is currently a major challenge for plastic processing plants and packaging manufacturers. Due to its antimicrobial components, such an active packaging material can be an e?ective way to protect food or other perishable products against accelerated biodegradation caused by the activity of microorganisms that colonize the product surface. Novel biodegradable composites based on starch modi?ed with chitosan, Aloe vera gel and glycerol as a plasticizer with reproducible properties were obtained. Films with Aloe vera gel gain increased resistance to microbial activity, which is bene?cial for packaging applications in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. Such materials will be able to provide a longer shelf life or usability of packaged products; and as they are made of completely biodegradable materials, they do not pose a threat to the natural environment. Mechanical properties (tensile strength and elongation) of Aloe vera based ?lms showed a signi?cant increase with increasing Aloe vera content in the blend for all ?lms prepared. The edible ?lms produced had the desirable properties of a soft surface, clear, transparent, homogenous and are ?exible. Thus, the edible ?lm formed from Aloe vera with the incorporation of cinnamon oil met the essential requirements for application on fruits and vegetables. The ?ndings of this study are bene?cial to farmers, retailers, and consumers as the edible ?lms can replace the synthetic coatings that have raised many controversies on food safety. Edible ?lms composite prepared from Aloe vera gel, beeswax and chitosan. These ?lms exhibited superior mechanical properties and lower water vapor permeability. In addition, cost analysis of the ?lms proved them reasonable to be used as an alternate of synthetic packaging materials. Starch-based edible ?lms containing Aloe vera showed excellent antifungal properties with six fungi causing plant diseases and controlling the weight loss of tomatoes. This natural, biodegradable, nontoxic ?lm can be used as an alternative to synthetic fungicides for preservation for fruits and vegetables. UV Resistivity of Aloe vera Treated Fabric, the wavelength of ultraviolet radiation is higher than that of X-rays. The range of UV radiation is 41nm to 400nm with energy level from 3 to 124eV. The UV rays ranges are di?erentiated into three categories: UV-A (320 to 400nm); UV-B (290 to 320) nm; and UV-C (200 to 290) nm. UV-C rays are safe for human beings. UV-C rays do not reach the Earth because these rays are absorbed in the ozone layer of the atmosphere. UV-B rays are harmful to human skin, as these rays reach the Earth without absorption, but UV-A rays are more dangerous to human skin. the UV-protection properties of Aloe-anthraquinone-treated cotton fabric. The modi?ed Aloe-anthraquinone- treated cotton fabrics have been shown to have good anti-ultraviolet protection proper-ties and the UV transmittance value of modi?ed fabric is very low compared with that of the untreated sample. The Aloe-anthraquinone, ?xed on to the fabric’s surface, might completely absorb UV radiation. The ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) of Aloe-anthraquinone-modi?ed cotton fabric was approximately 57, but the UPF value of untreated cotton fabric was 14. Bleached cotton fabric was shown to have the greatest transmittance value. Note that the higher the UV transmittance value, the greater the health risk. The transmittance value of Aloe vera-treated fabric is lower than that of untreated cotton fabric. This indicates that the UV protection capacity of Aloe vera-treated fabric was greater than that of bleached cotton fabric. UV resistivity of Aloe vera treated fabric. The polyphenols of Aloe vera may help to block and absorb the UV rays. The UPF rating of Aloe vera treated fabric was eight times higher than that of untreated fabric. Improved UPF value was also found after treating the reactive dyed cotton fabric with Aloe vera. Aloe vera in Textile Wet Processing, A huge amount of inorganic chemicals are used in pretreatment-dyeing, printing and ?nishing of textiles, to meet customer demand. However, the use of these chemicals produces a huge amount of e?uent. To protect the environment from this water pollution, researchers have been trying to use eco-friendly products like Aloe vera instead of inorganic chemicals for these purposes. Aloe vera is suitable for such pretreatment because it contains a large number of enzymes, salt and gummy substances which are essential for textile wet processing. A bio scouring process of single jersey knitted fabric with a lipase enzyme extracted from the Aloe vera plant. The lipase enzyme was applied to 100% cotton knitted fabric at various concentrations (1%, 2% and 3%) at various temperatures (40″C, 60″C and 70″C) for 30 min, 60 min and 90min. Bio-scoured fabrics, using the Aloe vera extract, showed better dye levels, better dye uptake, better light fastness, better wash fastness, and better-rubbing fastness for dark reactive colors than did conventionally scoured fabric. Bio-scouring reduced the volume of e?uent as well as COD, TDS and pH and saved a substantial amount of thermal energy (50%) and electrical energy (40%). Bio-scouring wastewater has 40–50% less COD and 60% fewer TDS than conventional-scouring wastewater does, Desizing, Desizing process using Aloe vera gel instead of inorganic chemicals. Aloe gel contains many important enzymes and organic components like peroxidase, carboxypeptidase, amylase, and alkaline phosphatase. The aloe gel showed outstanding results for desizing with controlled temperature and ph. Firstly, the active enzyme of Aloe vera enters into the substrate and forms chemical bonds with the substrate. The enzyme acts as a catalyst and forms an unstable middle compound with the substrate, called an “enzyme–substrate-complex” by a ’lock and key’ mechanism. Later, the catalyst weakened the bonds between the substrate and the sizing materials. Consequently, the sizing ingredients were separated from the substrate. Dyeing, The natural dyeing processes. Aloe vera consists of salt, acid, enzymes, and many components that are essential to the dyeing process. During the dyeing process, Aloe vera gel was used instead of salt in a reactive dyeing process. The garment developed di?erent several depths of shade, according to the di?erent concentrations of Aloe gel used. In the dyeing bath, fabric treated with 100% Aloe gel developed an excellent depth of shade. But lower concentrations of Aloe vera gel showed more-dull shades. At 80% and 60% concentrations of Aloe vera in dyeing, the fabric showed a medium and dull depth of shade, respectively. These results can be explained by noting that a high concentration of Aloe vera contains more salt than dye does. This higher salt content increases the depth of color. However, using Aloe gel did not damage the wash fastness, tearing strength or drapability of the fabric. Aloe vera leaf also used as a natural dye and mordanting agent. The leaf can be easily applied to protein-cationic ?bers like silk and wool, due to their functional amino group in an acidic medium. Aloe vera leaves are not suitable for dyeing of cotton ?bre, however, because cotton contains an anionic group. Printing, Aloe vera gel is used in the printing process as a thickener in the reactive and pigment-printing process. Water-soluble Aloe vera gel is one of the cheaper sources of natural thickener, which contains polysaccharide and poly-mannose. Due to the thickening nature of the polysaccharide, Aloe vera gel has been used as a thickener recently. In the concentration of 30–40% Aloe gel and 2% binder, used in printing as a thickener, the gel showed excellent results. When Aloe gel and synthetic thickener were applied to fabric for printing, the gel showed similar results to the synthetic in wash fastness and colorfastness. Using Aloe vera gel as a printing paste is easy to prepare and preserve. Aloe gel is eco-friendly, economically cheap (as it is found everywhere) and easy to cultivate. When Aloe vera was applied to fabric, the fabric showed low viscosity and poor sharpness. On the other hand, when the Aloe vera gel was combined with sodium alginate, containing a 50% concentration of gel and chemical, the treated fabric showed high viscosity and high sharpness evaluated the printing of cotton fabric with reactive dye using Aloe vera gel as the printing thickener. They applied Aloe gel as a thickener on cotton fabric and got excellent wash fastness and lightfastness. Effect of Aloe vera Treatment on Physical Properties of Textiles, When Aloe vera is applied to the fabric to develop its anti-microbial, antioxidant and wound healing properties, physical properties like crease recovery angle, bending length, drape co-e?cient and strength also change. The Aloe vera ?nished fabric had a higher crease recovery angle (CRA), a higher bending length and a lower whiteness index, com-pared to untreated fabric. The Aloe vera-treated fabric also loses its tensile strength, measured at only 44%. Bending length of Aloe vera treated fabric decreases as does sti?-ness but softness increases. Also, the coe?cient of static and dynamic ?ction increases even though the whiteness index slightly decreases. The Aloe anthraquinone modified fabrics showed improved wrinkle recovery angle, although breaking strength slightly decreased. The moisture adsorption of fabrics was almost unchanged compared to the control sample, the physical properties of Aloe vera treated textiles. They found that the white-ness index, air permeability and tensile strength decreased but water vapor permeability and crease recovery angle increased, respectively. Meanwhile, the Aloe vera treatment did not show any detrimental e?ect on the abrasion resistance of ?nished fabric but thermal conductivity decreased slightly. After treatment of cotton fabric by Aloe vera, crease recovery and abrasion resistance increased, but moisture regain, breaking strength and ?exural rigidity decreased when compared to control fabric. The drape co-e?cient of Aloe vera treated printed fabric decreased and the fabric became softer. The air resistance of Aloe vera-treated fabric was increased when compared to the control cotton fabric. The decrease in air permeability was possibly due to the impregnation of cotton fabric with microcapsules. The coated microcapsules would ?ll the gap between yarns. As a result, air?ow did not pass easily through the fabric. Also, the treatment decreased the whiteness value of the fabric by about 4%. Silk is a natural protein ?bre, which is the main source of microorganisms. Silk fabric is very soft, and its appearance is also excellent. But, in damp weather, silk is attacked by microbes. To protect the fabric from microbes, Aloe vera treatment is essential. However, such treatment produced a 30–40% loss in strength. Aloe vera are extensively used to prepare the di?erent types of textile composite which are involved in the ?eld of wound healing, tissue engineering, medical textile, health care textiles, curative garments, cosmetotextiles, UV protective textiles, wearable electronic textiles and so on. Aloe vera is used in pre-treatment and printing due to its succulent enzymatic and gummy characteristics. Aloe gel also contains a salty substance that allows its use in natural, eco-friendly dyeing. application of Aloe vera to textiles for therapeutic purposes, for an anti-bacterial and for UV protection, in wet processing and manufacture of cosmetics, as well as in high technology industries. We also consider the use of Aloe vera in textiles for the capture of free radicals. Anti?microbial Efficacy of Aloe vera in Textile Manufacture, Anti-microbial textile materials play a vital and crucial role, not only in the health care and medical sectors but also in hotel administration, in homes and in other environments where hygiene is required. Pathogenic and non-pathogenic microbes are always present in our environment. Microbes include a wide range of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, algae, and viruses, which cause disease. New strains of bacteria and viruses always appear, making the disease more likely. Microorganisms are everywhere in hospitals, being emitted by sick people. In hospitals, surgical gowns and masks, surgical head ware and foot ware, surgical drapes, bed sheet, bedding, towels, and the clothing of all the people present in the hospital, can carry microorganisms, and thus spread disease. For all these situations, textiles with anti-microbial properties are needed. Massive proliferation of microbes was found on the untreated cotton surface. But a remarkable decline in S. aureus microbial adhesion was observed on the Aloe vera- treated cotton fabric. The Aloe vera gel contains active components that act as an e?ective bactericidal agent on the fabric and hinder the growth of S. aureus gram-positive bacteria. Microbes were visible on the untreated cotton surface. Aloe vera-treated cotton fabric contained fewer microbes than untreated fabric. Aloe vera-treated cotton exhibited excellent anti-microbial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli). The Aloe vera treated cotton fabric shows more resistivity against microbes and no propagation was found in the sur-rounding treated fabric surface. It is assumed that Aloe vera bleeds di?erent components from the treated fabric which are responsible for inhibition and kills the microbes, Aloe anthraquinone was applied to the cotton fabric and its antibacterial e?cacy tested against E. coli and S. aureus. Antifungal e?cacy testing has also been carried out for C. albicans. The Aloe anthraquinone-modi?ed fabric showed better antibacterial properties than the untreated sample. Almost 91% of bacterial inhibition was found for treated fabric against both E. coli and S. aureus bacteria. Furthermore, fungi reduction was found up to 69% for C. albicans. C. albicans showed a lower inhibition rate than did E. coli and S. aureus bacteria. This is attributable to the cationic nature of Aloe anthraquinone, which adsorbs the anions of the bacterial cell wall and cracks the peptide polysaccharides quickly. On the other hand, the fungi cell wall is made of amylase, which is di?erent from the walls of bacteria Testing of the antimicrobial e?ciency of the untreated and Aloe vera-treated fabric was performed by a quantitative method. Di?erent solution concentrations, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5g/l of Aloe vera gel were applied to the fabric. The bacterial reduction rate of Aloe vera’s ?nished fabric varied with the concentration of Aloe vera. The reduction rates of bacteria colonies gradually increased with increasing the solution concentration. Fabric treated with 5g per litre of Aloe vera exhibited a high level of anti-microbial activity.5g/l Aloe vera treated cotton bleached fabric showed 15 and 17mm zone of inhibition against gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus thuringiensis) and gram-negative bacteria (E. coli) respectively by agar diffusion method. How-ever, Aloe vera treated fabric exhibited more than 70% of its initial antibacterial property even after 20 washing, some study shown that anti-bacterial Journal of Polymers and the Environment 1 3and anti-fungal activities of Aloe vera-treated cotton fabric. The bacterial and fungal reduction percentages of the treated fabric were found to be 75, 80 and 81%, against E. coli, S. aureus and C. albicans, respectively. The acemannan, anthraquinone, and salicylic acid components of Aloe vera extract may be the basis for its anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties. Aloe vera-treated cotton fabric showed a clear zone of inhibition against S. aureus bacteria, but no zone of inhibition was found in an untreated sample, combined application of Aloe vera and Neem extracts on cotton fabric showed excellent antimicrobial properties against E. coli and Aspergillus Niger, as compared to the application of either Aloe vera or Neem extracts alone. 40% Aloe vera gel concentration showed a higher zone of inhibition, of about 29 and 23mm, respectively, com-pared, to 20% gel treated fabric, at 19 and 17mm, respectively, against S. aureus and E. coli, Cosmetic Textiles (Cosmetotextiles), Textiles can possess skincare properties; they are called cosmetotextiles. Cosmetotextiles are textiles which contain carriers with active substances, these carriers, generally by polymeric nature release their active compounds when in contact with the human body. To obtain cosmetotextiles one strategy is to employ the microencapsulation technique. Microencapsulation can be used in the application of fragrances, skin softeners substances, phase-change materials (that help the thermoregulation of the body), anti-microbial agents and drug delivery systems among others A new terminology, so-called ‘cosmetic textiles’, has now opened up new target groups and sustainable markets in the textile industry. Cosmetic textiles, an industry that has grown along with consumer interest in wellness and well-being, currently includes a wide range of microencapsulated ingredients such as Aloe vera, vitamin E, retinol, and ca?eine, said to o?er moisturizing, ?rming, or slimming bene?ts. Cosmetic textiles indicate the functional textiles, especially garments, underwear which comes in direct contact with the skin through the process of microencapsulation. Cosmetic textiles currently o?ered on the market claim to be moisturizing, perfumed, cellulite reducing and body slimming, skin softeners sprayed, phase change agents, drug delivery system, antimicrobial agents, Upon contact with skin, skin-caring ?brous materials are designed to transfer an active substance for cosmetic purposes. The thought is accomplished by basically giving the bioactive agents into wearable textiles so that with the normal movement of the body, the skin is gradually supplemented and revived. Another important issue for cosmetic textiles is biological safety. The biological safety means, the cosmetic textiles did not release any toxic ingredients to the human skin, cosmetic textile agent containing Aloe vera for skin-caring bene?ts for the development of cosmetic textiles by microencapsulation technique. Cosmetic textile agent treated textile materials did not cause any deaths of cells in the cytotoxicity test, indicating that it was non-cytotoxic to the ?broblast cell line (NIH-3T3). In addition, formaldehyde content was not found in the cosmetic textiles. Hence, both the cosmetic textile agent and cosmetic textiles are believed biologically safe to consumers cosmetotextiles impregned with aloe vera microcapsules help to improving elasticity of the skin , slimming, improving fitness of the skin, moisturizing effect, Aloe vera Based Composite for Foods Packaging Active, bio-friendly and natural-based materials are one of the innovative concepts in the ?eld of research on packaging materials. The development of systems involving the employment of completely biodegradable polymers and natural bioactive components is currently a major challenge for plastic processing plants and packaging manufacturers. Due to its antimicrobial components, such an active packaging material can be an e?ective way to protect food or other perishable products against accelerated biodegradation caused by the activity of microorganisms that colonize the product surface. Novel biodegradable composites based on starch modi?ed with chitosan, Aloe vera gel and glycerol as a plasticizer with reproducible properties were obtained. Films with Aloe vera gel gain increased resistance to microbial activity, which is bene?cial for packaging applications in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. Such materials will be able to provide a longer shelf life or usability of packaged products; and as they are made of completely biodegradable materials, they do not pose a threat to the natural environment. Mechanical properties (tensile strength and elongation) of Aloe vera based ?lms showed a signi?cant increase with increasing Aloe vera content in the blend for all ?lms prepared. The edible ?lms produced had the desirable properties of a soft surface, clear, transparent, homogenous and are ?exible. Thus, the edible ?lm formed from Aloe vera with the incorporation of cinnamon oil met the essential requirements for application on fruits and vegetables. The ?ndings of this study are bene?cial to farmers, retailers, and consumers as the edible ?lms can replace the synthetic coatings that have raised many controversies on food safety. Edible ?lms composite prepared from Aloe vera gel, beeswax and chitosan. These ?lms exhibited superior mechanical properties and lower water vapor permeability. In addition, cost analysis of the ?lms proved them reasonable to be used as an alternate of synthetic packaging materials. Starch-based edible ?lms containing Aloe vera showed excellent antifungal properties with six fungi causing plant diseases and controlling the weight loss of tomatoes. This natural, biodegradable, nontoxic ?lm can be used as an alternative to synthetic fungicides for preservation for fruits and vegetables. UV Resistivity of Aloe vera Treated Fabric, the wavelength of ultraviolet radiation is higher than that of X-rays. The range of UV radiation is 41nm to 400nm with energy level from 3 to 124eV. The UV rays ranges are di?erentiated into three categories: UV-A (320 to 400nm); UV-B (290 to 320) nm; and UV-C (200 to 290) nm. UV-C rays are safe for human beings. UV-C rays do not reach the Earth because these rays are absorbed in the ozone layer of the atmosphere. UV-B rays are harmful to human skin, as these rays reach the Earth without absorption, but UV-A rays are more dangerous to human skin. the UV-protection properties of Aloe-anthraquinone-treated cotton fabric. The modi?ed Aloe-anthraquinone- treated cotton fabrics have been shown to have good anti-ultraviolet protection proper-ties and the UV transmittance value of modi?ed fabric is very low compared with that of the untreated sample. The Aloe-anthraquinone, ?xed on to the fabric’s surface, might completely absorb UV radiation. The ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) of Aloe-anthraquinone-modi?ed cotton fabric was approximately 57, but the UPF value of untreated cotton fabric was 14. Bleached cotton fabric was shown to have the greatest transmittance value. Note that the higher the UV transmittance value, the greater the health risk. The transmittance value of Aloe vera-treated fabric is lower than that of untreated cotton fabric. This indicates that the UV protection capacity of Aloe vera-treated fabric was greater than that of bleached cotton fabric. UV resistivity of Aloe vera treated fabric. The polyphenols of Aloe vera may help to block and absorb the UV rays. The UPF rating of Aloe vera treated fabric was eight times higher than that of untreated fabric. Improved UPF value was also found after treating the reactive dyed cotton fabric with Aloe vera. Aloe vera in Textile Wet Processing, A huge amount of inorganic chemicals are used in pretreatment-dyeing, printing and ?nishing of textiles, to meet customer demand. However, the use of these chemicals produces a huge amount of e?uent. To protect the environment from this water pollution, researchers have been trying to use eco-friendly products like Aloe vera instead of inorganic chemicals for these purposes. Aloe vera is suitable for such pretreatment because it contains a large number of enzymes, salt and gummy substances which are essential for textile wet processing. A bio scouring process of single jersey knitted fabric with a

Authors Archana Bachhetia Rakesh Kumar Bachhetibc Limenew Abatebc Azamal Husen

phytochemicals and or plant based-secondary metabolites are used for NPs fabrication because they act as reducing, stabilizing and or capping agents. Numerous Aloe spp. provides a huge opportunity for NPs fabrications. These particles are used for different biological applications such as cytotoxicity, UV protection, antibacterial activity, catalytic activity, antibio?lm potential, photocatalytic activity, antifungal and antioxidant activities. Aloe-based NPs fabrication is also affected by various factors such as type of metal, different Aloe spp., method of NPs formation, temperature, pH and type of solvent used. For instance, gold nanoparticles(Au-NPs) synthesized from Aloe vera record the smaller size (15 nm)in comparison to copper nanoparticles (Cu-NPs) (50 nm) and selenium nanoparticles (Se-NPs) (50 nm). Silver nano-particles (Ag-NPs) prepared from Aloe vera was smaller in size 11-23 nm as compared to Cu-NPs 50 nm. Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) synthesized from Aloe barbadensis have larger size (15- 30 nm) compared to CuO-NPs synthesized from Aloe vera (5-20 nm). Hexagonal-shaped zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) synthesized from Aloe vera with the size of particle»25 nm ; while spherical-shaped Zn-NPs fabricated from Aloe barbadensis with the particle size of (25-40nm). Aloe-based phytochemical and their role in NPs fabrication. Recently, the chemical compounds presented in Aloe have been utilized for NPs fabrication. The functional group present in them act as a reducing agent which convert metal ions into metal or metal-oxide. Aloe vera is recorded as a most bioactive plant). Anthraquinones, polysaccharides, naphthalenones, proteins, enzymes, and organic acid are the main phytochemicals present in Aloe vera leaves and another Aloe spp. A possible mechanism of the formation of Ag-NP from Aloe vera and the chemistry involved is presentenced of a OH group in most phytochemicals obtained from Aloe spp. and this OH served as a reducing agent, converting metal ions into metal/metal oxide NPs. Also, carbonyl functional groups present in phytochemical of Aloe spp. play a signi?cant role in NPs fabrication, Metal NPs, Silver NPsAg-NPs are metallic particles with a size range of 1-100 nm that are extensively employed in manufacturing, biomedicine, and engineering. Further, chemical stability, high conductivity, and optical behavior are the unique feature of Ag-NPs used Aloe vera leaf extract to achieve in situ synthesis of Ag-NPs by using cotton textiles. Various application of Aloe-based NPs, Antimicrobial activity, besides the numerous applications of NPs in different disciplines, various metal/metal oxide NPs have been used as antimicrobial agents. Ag-NPs were prepared by using leaf extract of Aloe vera to study the antibacterial activity. The result showed that Ag-NPs exhibited antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli compared to Aloe vera extract, which did not show any antibacterial activity. Ag-NPs synthesized from Aloe vera leaf extract exhibited antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumonia, Bacillus subtilis, and Salmonella typhi with an inhibition zone greater than 80 mm. Insitu, on cotton fabrics, Ag-NPs were synthesized from Aloe vera leaf extract. The cotton fabric was tested for three activities, antibacterial activity, UV protection, and laundering durability. The results indicated that cotton fabric loaded with synthesized NPs shows antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Also, cotton ?ber exhibited better UV protection activity, nonetheless both antibacterial and UV protection activity decreased with the increase in washing cycles. Recently, Au-NPs fabricated from Aloe vera leaf extract were tested for antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus on NPs impregnated cotton fabric. Cotton fabric was cut in the dimension of 15 £30 mm and immersed in NPs solution. The results revealed that the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli was inhibited in the fabric treated with Au-NPs. ZnO-NPs synthesized from peel extract of Aloe vera were tested for antimicrobial activity against bacteria Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Klebsiella pneumonia, and against fungus Aspergillus oryzae and Aspergillus niger. The results showed that ZnO-NPs were effective against Escherichia coli and Aspergillus niger. Also prepared ZnO-NPs from Aloe vera extracts ichum coccodes while antibacterial activities againstEscherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. In another study, the leafextract of Aloe vera was utilized for the synthesis of Ag-NPs andtested for antifungal activity against two fungus species, Aspergillussp. and Rhizopus sp. Ag-NPs showed greater antimicrobial activityagainst Aspergillus sp. as compared to Rhizopus sp. (Medda et al.,2015). CuO-NPs prepared from Aloe vera extract were tested for anti-bacterial activity against three bacteria strains Flavobacterium Brachyphyllum, Pseudomonas ?uorescens, and Aeromonas hydrophila. The results indicate that synthesized CuO-NPs exhibit antibacterial activity against all bacterial pathogens even at a lower concentration (20 mg/mL). Antioxidant activity. living organisms produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to regular cellular metabolism and several external in?uences and or stress. ROS are highly reactive molecules and can damage cell structures like proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and alter their functions. The shift in the balance between oxidants and antioxidants in favor of oxidants is termed “oxidative stress. Antioxidants are compounds used to reduce the effect of oxidative damage or oxidative stress by preventing or reducing its oxidation process. The capacity of bioactive compounds to alleviate the stress of oxidative damage, increase with concentration, also reported that the NPs have good ability to act as antioxidants and helpful in preventing number of infectious diseases. Aloe vera leave extracts and AV-Ag-NPs for antioxidant activityby2,20-diphenyl- 1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), lipid peroxidation inhibition and reducing power assay. The antioxidant activity of Aloe vera extract and AV-Ag-NPs was improved with the increase in concentrations (100 mg/mL to 600 mg/mL). Antioxidant activity of Ag-NPs prepared from Aloe vera gel was tested by the DPPH method and reducing power assay. The results revealed that the Ag-NPs showed good dosage-dependent antioxidant activity compared to crude extract. Se-NPs prepared from Aloe vera extract were tested for antioxidant activity by ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP),2,20-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonicacid (ABTS), and DPPH assay. The result indicated that Se-NPs showed better activity than Aloe vera extract alone , the antioxidant activity of biosynthesis ZnO-NPs using plant extracts of Aloe vera by various methods such as hydroxyl radical scavenging, superoxide radical scavenging, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), ABTS, and DPPH. The results con?rmed that ZnO-NPs possess a promising antioxidant activity, antioxidant effect oncerium oxide NPs (CeO-NPs), which were synthesized using Aloe vera leaf extract as a stabilizing agent. The cyclic conversion of cerium (III)oxide as Ce (III)O! Ce (IV)O !Ce (III) O by reaction with H2O2implied the uninterrupted antioxidant property of CeO-NPs. Metal salt Extract Aloe species Characterization UV-Vis FTIR XRD FESEM TEM SAED AFM EDX Zeta Potential Condition optimization-pH -Temperature -Concentration of Aloe extract -Concentration of metal salt-Time-Solvent used for extraction Nanoparticle Applications Antimicrobial, Antioxidant ,Anticancer, Catalytic ,Wound healing, Drug delivery, Applications of Aloe species-based nanoparticles. Catalytic activity NPs have been well known for their catalytic properties. High sur-face area of NPs increases their catalytic activity. They have advantages over conventional catalyst in term of selectivity, activity, reusability and ef?ciency synthesized Ag-NPs using Aloe vera and tested them for the catalytic activity to degrade organic dye. Results showed that synthesized Ag-NPs have excellent catalytic activities for the decomposition of organic dyes in the presence of NaBH4, synthesized BaMgAl10O17NPs (BMANPs) to check the catalytic activity. Under UV irradiation, the photocatalytic activity was increased for the degradation of wastewater polluted by BMANPs, with 95 percent disintegration of Acid Red 88 dye, catalytic activities of ZnO-NPs prepared using Aloe vera leave extract. The results con?rmed the biosynthesized ZnO nano sheets were particularly effective for the degradation of malachite green dye. The use of Aloe vera as wound healing behavior was also reported in the form of composite, membranes, and ?lm combined with a polymer such as chitosan and other man-made material, which could be very important in burning healing application and wound healing. Drug delivery systems, Drug delivery allows to achieve sustained and controlled drug release, produce site-speci?c delivery, maintain desired drug concentrations in blood and reduce side effects, ensuring effective treatment and promising relief. Some of the modern techniques involved in drug delivery systems are nano?bers, NPs, nanocomposites, micelles, and hydrogels; these contain drugs and a carrying vehicle mostly made of biodegradable polymers. They are mostly involved in vascular regeneration and cancer treatments, the applications of polycaprolactone(PCL) nano?bers composite for medicinal purposes and fabricated nano?bers from Azadirachta indica (neem), curcumin (Cur), and Aloe vera. Variety of nano?brous mats were fabricated and named as Cur/PCL/neem, Cur/PCL/AV, PCL/neem, PCL/AV, PCL/Cur, and PCL alone. The results obtained from the uniaxial testing machine showed that the increase in the amount of neem and curcumin, the value of Young’s modulus and tensile strength decrease. However, the mechanical behavior of these ?brous mat increase when the amount of Aloe vera increase. MTT assay was used to check anticancer activity against human breast cancer (MCF7 cell line) and lung cancer (A459cell line) which showed that 1% Aloe vera and 5% curcumin loaded PCL nano-?bre exhibited 15% more anticancer activity in comparison with the commercial drug (1% cis-Platin-loaded PCL nano?ber), another biosynthesized 5-?uorouracil(FU) NPs using Aloe vera extract. NPs prepared by using Aloe vera exhibited good cytotoxicity activity against colorectal cell lines (Caco-2) and adenocarcinoma cell line (HT-29. Aloe vera shell ash supported NiO.5ZnO.5Fe2O4magnetic NPs used to remove Pb (II) ions from an aqueous at different pH and different exposure times. The results indicate that at pH 9, time 15 minute and0.2g adsorbent dose were optimum conditions. In another study, Aloe vera shell ash supported Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4NPs was utilized for the removal of Ag (I) from aqueous solution at different pH, concentration of Ag and absorbent dose. Optimum condition obtained were pH 5, time 30 minutes with absorbent dose 0.20 g with removal ef?ciency of 98.3% synthesized Aloe vera capped ZnS:Mn2+quantum Synthesized NPs have strong yellow emission at 590 nm resulting from4T1!6A1 (in photoluminescence emission spectra), so theses NPs can have possible application in medical research related to imaging. The mosquitocidal activity of Aloe vera extract and synthesized Ag-NPs was tested against Anopheles stephensi larvae (I-IV instar) and pupae. The Aloe vera extract showed some extent mosquitocidal activity, however the response was more with the synthesized Ag-NPs. Synthesized Ag-NPs were ef?cient even at low concentration against Anophelesstephensi with LC50value 6.113 ppm (pupae), 5.711 ppm (IV instar),4.982 ppm (III instar), 4.119 ppm (II instar), and 3.825 ppm (I instar). Also, synthesized NPs were tested in the ?eld against Anophelesstephensi which showed a larval reduction of 97.7, 86.6, and 74.5%after 72, 48, 24 h, respectively. Also, lithium titanate nanomaterial synthesized using Aloe vera extract has been reported for its use as an alternative anode for lithiumion batteries. The signi?cance and application of Aloe would be accelerated by using nano sci-ence. It gave opportunity of synthesis of Aloe-based NPs in different form such as nanocomposites, nano?bers, hydrogels, and sponges which can be used for their antibacterial, antioxidant, catalytic, wound healing, and tissue regeneration activities. Further, it has been noticed that the Aloe species (natural form/extracts) have been extensively used and many commercial products are available in the market, however very less NPs-based commercial products are detected. Therefore, extensive investigations are required in this direction to make Aloe-based NPs more commercial and functional.

Authors Kanjana Subramanian and Nalankilli Govindan}

Cosmeto textiles, has promising, fast emerging market for both the cosmetics industry and the textile industry. There are different types of Cosmetotextiles which are classified based on end use, ingredients used, and fabric used. A wide range of agents used in Cosmetotextiles are aromas and perfumes, slimming agents, moisturizing agents, anticellulite agents, sunlight absorption agents and antioxidants agents. Cosmetotextiles are fashioned by grafting, microencapsulation, coating technique, doping and by incorporating different substances for health or body care that are steadily transferred to the skin by movement, pressure, or the effect of the skin’s natural warmness. There are various synthetic and natural materials which are used in Cosmetotextiles such as fruit extract, like essential oils, plant extracts, flower extracts, and animal extracts as natural sources along with some synthetic substances including zinc oxide, iron oxide, ethane diol and zinc nano particles and many others. Textiles which provide cosmetic and life functions, such as energizing, slimming, body care, fitness, refreshing, vitalizing, pleasant feeling, skin glowing, anti-ageing, and health, are categorizes as cosmetotextiles. The wellness or health encouraging aspects of textile finishes have become a enjoyable functional matter in the 21st century. Wellness can be described as a pleasant state free from disease, a healthy balance between the human mind and body. Wellness has become a societal determination which symbolizes the wish for everlasting youth against getting old. The extracts of natural products and selected essential oils are added to textiles, which not only have healing and remedial properties but also keep the wearer fresh and energetic. Classification of Cosmeto Textiles, in terms of their control on the human body, cosmetotextiles can be categorized as cosmetotextiles for slimming, moisturizing, refreshing and relaxing, energizing, perfuming, vitalizing, UV protection, improving the firmness and elasticity of skin. Ingredients used in Cosmeto-Textiles, some of the synthetic and inorganic compounds are Zinc oxide, Zn particles, bireactive oxalic acid, Iron oxide, Titanium oxide, and Copper oxide & their benefits in this field are observed as protection against UV radiations, Antimicrobial activity in textiles, Animal Derivatives, Chitosan, Squalene and Sericin are some of the animal derivatives obtained from the exoskeleton of shrimps or Shark liver, crabs, Degumming liquor of silk cocoons and their benefits such as Antibacterial, wound healing, deodorant effect, nourishes and even out moisture level, kindles cell regeneration. Natural antioxidant, protect the skin against photo aging and from brown age spots moisturizing agent, anti-ageing, and anti- wrinkling effects. Plant Derivatives, Aloe vera, Padina Povonica, Flowers, Fruits, Oils are classified as Plant Derivatives and these are derived from Leaves of Aloe Vera plant, Brown algae, wheat germ oil, Innone (Violet), cedaroil (lilac), hydroxycitronellol (lily), alpha hexyleinnamaldehyde (jasmine), Citral (lemon scent), Allylcaproate (rosescent), Anillin (apple scent), Cinnamaldehyde (pineapple), Prenyl acetate (banana), Heliotrotil (cherry), Peppermint, Lavender, Thyme, Sage, Eucalyptus and Camomile oil respectively & their benefits such as Antibacterial, Antiviral, Antimycotic nature, Wound healing and anti-inflammatory effects, maintains elasticity and firmness of the skin, Antioxidant and moisture binding capacity, Aroma for relaxation and refreshment to the wearer Deodorant effect on textiles provides stimulant and relaxation to the wearer, and other wellness effect. Developing Cosmetotextiles using the Microencapsulation Method, Various cosmetic constituents are prone to heat or prone to oxidation, whereas deodorants are volatile. These are the major driving forces to adopt microencapsulation as the chief technique to build up cosmetotextiles. Microencapsulation can prolong the shelf life of various volatile and nonvolatile cosmetic ingredients by delaying oxidation and evaporation, respectively. Cosmeto Fibres, One of the producing process of a cosmetotextile is based on fictionalization of fibers by fixing microcapsules in their structure: NOVOREL nylon microfiber (patented in 2006 by Nurel), incorporates the microcapsules into the polymer of their nylon yarn, before extrusion; – TENCEL C, from Lenzing, have microcapsules of chitosan, – NILIT BREEZE – a new fibre from Nilit, that from side to side a amalgamation of a flat cross-section structure, a unique polymer with inorganic micron particles, and a special texturizing process, make sure the lower of body temperature, EMANA, a bioactive yarn from Rhodia, is created by the mixture of polyamide 6.6 and a polymer with added bioactive crystals of bio ceramic. These crystals are built into the DNA of the fibre itself. The fibers reflect the far infrared rays released by the body back into the skin, helping to normalize the body’s temperature, reducing the accumulation of lactic acid, and humanizing skin tone. Cosmeto fabrics and products, One more method to produce cosmetotextiles is the functionalization of fabrics, so of products made by these fabrics. In this scheme, microcapsules are fixed on the exterior surface of the fabric, ensuing in revolutionary “fabrics’ treatments” for beauty, healthcare, and comfort Euro jersey (an Italian warp knitter) created Sensitive Ultra-Light Firming fabric, which comprises ‘firming lively constituents’ that pick up the elasticity and brilliance of the skin. Sensitive Fabric Body ware, that offers a treatments program for most favorable hygiene and better management of perspiration. To keep the wearer feeling unsullied and fresh all day long increasing comfort in all environments, the fabric includes a silver-based solution that inhibits the growth of odor-causing bacteria helping your clothes to stay fresher, more at ease and in better state for much longer. Furthermore, due to a novel polymer applied on this fabric, it alters properties in reply to body’s temperature, at low temperature it arrests moisture, keeping the body drier and warmer, as temperature increases, and it cools the body. Methods of Application over Textiles, there are essentially different ways of applying cosmetic effects on textiles, Microencapsulation, coating, dope insertion. “Microencapsulation is a micro packaging technique that involves the production of microcapsules which act as barrier walls of solids or liquids”. These capsules are produced by deposition of a thin polymer coating on dispersions of solids in liquids. The core ingredients in these capsules gradually transfer to the skin by the movement, pressure, skin natural warmth and the enzymes thus these cosmetic textiles nurture and renew the skin when worn next to skin, various discovered and unexplored natural materials may find marketable importance via cosmetotextiles.

Authors W, I., S, A., Z, S., U, M. and A, A.,

Natural plants extract for antimicrobial of textile finishing is a vital and potential area of current and future aspects therefore has greater market value. Cotton has long been recognized as media to support the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. Among all the natural antimicrobial agents the plant products comprise the major segment, the antibacterial properties of Aloe Vera leaf gel extract on cotton, also its effects on the performance parameters of fabric. Softness properties were also imparted on the fabric as it is the inherit property of Aloe Vera leaf gel. Microorganisms; Antimicrobial; Aloe vera; Inhibition, zone; Whiteness index, Textile finishing involves treating a textile material in such a way that the product has the desired functional properties required for its intended use and therefore has greater market value. The desired properties may include the fabric’s dimensions and their stability, its weight, drape, appearance, softness, and handle, as well as any required functional properties such as resistance to creasing, flames, water, oil, dirt or bacteria. For the treatment of diseases inhibitory chemicals employed to kill micro-organisms or prevent their growth. The microorganisms are found almost everywhere in the environment and can multiply quickly when basic requirements, such as moisture, nutrients and temperature are met. Most synthetic fibers, due to their high hydrophobicity, are more resistant to attacks by microorganisms than natural fibers. Proteins in keratinous fibers and carbohydrates in cotton can act as nutrients and energy sources under certain conditions. Soil, dust, solutes from saw an ideal antimicrobial treatment of textiles should satisfy several requirements. Firstly, it should be effective against a broad spectrum of bacterial and fungal species, but at the same time exhibit low toxicity to consumers. Secondly, the finishing should be durable to laundering, dry cleaning and hot pressing, a greatest challenge as textile products are subjected to repeated washing during their life. Thirdly, the finishing should not have negative effect on the eat and some textile finishes can also be nutrient sources for microorganisms. For these reasons, it is highly desirable that the growth of microbes on textiles be minimized during their use and storage. Consumers’ demand for hygienic clothing and active wear has created a substantial market for antimicrobial textile products, one of the fastest growing sectors of the textile market. Sportswear, socks, shoe linings and lingerie accounted for 85% of the total production, quality (e.g., physical strength and handle) or appearance of the textile. Finally, the finishing should preferably be compatible with chemical processes such as dyeing, be cost effective and not produce harmful substances to the environment. One further consideration is that the antimicrobial finishing of textiles should not kill the resident flora of nonpathogenic bacteria on the skin of the wearer. In the last few decades with the increase in new antimicrobial fiber technology, a range of synthetic antimicrobial products such as triclosan, metals and their salts organometallics and their quaternary ammonium compounds have been developed. Although the synthetic antimicrobial agents are very effective against the growth of many microbes and give a durable effect on textiles, but they are cause of the concern due to the associated side effects, action on non-targeted areas and cause water pollution. Hence there is a great demand of antimicrobial agents based on natural ecofriendly agents which not only helps to improve antimicrobial effect but fulfill statutory requirements by regulating agencies. the antimicrobial activity of Aloe Vera extract against pathogenic bacteria. Methanol extract has showed maximum inhibitory activity against E. coli and Candida. A study was done to identify, quantify, and compare the phytochemical contents, antioxidant capacities, and antibacterial activities of Aloe vera lyophilized leaf gel (LGE), The current research aspects of Aloe Vera leaf gel extracts and its application to textile material for both antibacterial cum softness properties has not been reported yet in the previous works so far. In present manuscript, natural plant Aloe Vera extract is applied on pure cotton fabric and its antimicrobial, mechanical and softness properties, Aloe Vera bleeds from the fabric and shows resistance against the bacteria and there is almost no growth surrounding the bacteria. The zone of inhibition for Aloe Vera is less, when compared to the zone of inhibition of other synthetic antibacterial agents. This can be understood from the point that Aloe Vera gel consists of almost 75 components or ingredients and its antibacterial agents may be present in less quantity as compared to other components. It is also clear from this experiment that Aloe Vera, a natural product in its pure form works against bacteria, Aloe Vera shows maximum resistance, its zone of inhibition is higher as compared to the concentrations. Coefficient of friction comprises two types of tests i.e., coefficient of static friction and coefficient of dynamic friction. Coefficient of static and dynamic friction for both pad-dry and coating samples padded with different concentrations and dried at different temperatures. Softness, Aloe Vera exhibits softness and gives soft feel on cotton fabric results in lowering of co-efficient of dynamic friction. Also, increase in centration gives more softness and increase in temperature has reverse effect on it as Aloe Vera gets graded and cotton gets stiff at high temperature. Co-efficient of static and dynamic friction (coating). At high concentrations, the Aloe Vera shows its softness properties as it over comes some of the hardness effects of the binder and thickeners present at the same concentrations in the recipe. Whiteness index for pad-dry samples padded with different concentrations and dried at different temperatures, Bending length of pad-dry and coating with respect to warp and weft wise samples, with different concentrations and dried at different temperatures, Warp wise bending length, decreases as the concentration of Aloe Vera increases. Aloe Vera has softening effect and so its decreases the bending length of the finished fabric. bending length in the weft direction is less as compared to the warp direction because the weft yarns are more relaxed as compared to the warp yarns. Increase in concentration of Aloe Vera decreases the bending length also. The temperature tends no trends for bending length.

Authors Selvi Thamarai B., Rajendren R., Nithyalakshmi B. and Gayathirignaneswari S.

Microbial growth on the textile material has been considered as a major cause of biodegradation. The textile materials, on which source of nutrients are present (food contamination, oil, fat, protein, sugar, skin secretion like sweat and sebum etc.) become a medium for a rapid multiplication of microorganisms. A term that is adopted to indicate the textile fibers with activity against microorganism’s growth is “bioactive fibers”. The attachment of microorganisms to fabrics is dependent upon the type of organism and the physio-chemical characteristics of fabric substrate. Microbial adherence is also affected by the substrate and bacterial cell wall hydrophobicity. Such studies have stimulated the research on antimicrobial textiles with focuses on development of durable and powerful antimicrobial finishing technologies. Gram Negative Organisms, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pnuemoniae, Pseudomonas aueroginosa, Proteus vulgaris, Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella species, Enterobacter species Gram Positive Organisms, Bacillus sublitis, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcal pnuemoniae Fungi Aspergillus species, Penicillum species, Cryptococcus species, Candida albicans. Fabric Treatment with Aloe Gel Extract, Aqueous extract of aloe gel was directly applied on 100% cotton fabric by pad-dry – cure method. Aloe gel extract was applied along with citric acid. Antimicrobial activity of treated fabric, Wash Durability Testing, finished fabrics were washed using standard detergent (3%owf) at 40″C in an automatic washing machine, Treatment with aloe vera gel inhibits microbial growth. Aloe vera gel can inhibit the growth of Shigella flexneri and Streptococcus pyrogenes . Aloe vera gel shows antifungal activity. The phenol group and anthraquinones present in Aloe vera gel are binding microbial proteins, inhibiting their growth and exhibit both antibacterial and antifungal activity. The microbial activity of Aloe vera gel can retain after 15th wash cycle up to 20 cycles. The application of Aloe vera gel on to cotton fabric showed better antimicrobial activity. The bioactivity was retained up to 15th wash cycles. This ecofriendly natural antimicrobial agent gives good effect to human skin in addition to values on garments also in a low cost.

Authors Fisher G

An important and growing part of the textile Industry is the medical and related healthcare and hygiene sectors. Textile has always been a part of healthcare. The range of products available is vast but typically they are used in the operating room theatre or on the hospital ward for the hygiene, care and safety of staff and patients. The number of applications range from the simple cleaning wipe to the advanced barrier fabrics used for operating rooms. he healthcare and hygiene products are as follows: Medical and Pharmacy division: Adult Incontinence pads, Rectangular pads, shaped pads, urine collector and bag, feminine maternity pad, cotton mesh maternity pads, nursing wipes, gauze, wound dressing, surgical drapes, gowns, plaster, face mask, operation room table and tray covers, head wear, under pads, X ray gowns, scrub suits, barrier and isolation gowns, patient exam gowns, osteotomy bag, super absorbent fabrics, etc. are some products in this division. Feminine Hygiene and Baby care division: Diapers, skin protective towelettes for children, make-up remover towels, covet wipes, baby wipes (using spun lace and other fabrics), nappy (Diaper) liners, dry wipes (antimicrobial), disposable baby bibs, baby pillow and changing mats, baby blanket, dermo-protective children’s towels, etc. The basic structure of disposable baby diapers has not changed dramatically over the past few years. Fig. shows a typical diaper structure. The key component, the absorbent core, is now rectangular in shape, profiled and contains granular super absorbents. The developments include the use of breathable back sheets, originally restricted to the premium end of the market, which have now spread to almost all products and producers. Bandages: protector for elbow/ ankle bandages for tracheotomy patients, etc. General Hygiene: total hygiene towel, moist toilet towel, hand cleaning wipes, antibacterial wipes, etc. Cleaning products: These include gauze for floors, dry dusting systems, hard surface disinfectant wipes, high absorbency cloth, window cloth, electrostatic disposable dusters, cleaning mop, etc. Wipes: Non-woven fabrics consisting of the spun lace and other fabrics are used for the different wipes. The following types of wipes are available: baby wipes, skin cleaning wipes, moist toilet tissues, nursing wipes, nappy (diaper) liners, dry wipes (anti-microbial), hard surface disinfectant wipes, window cloths, electrostatic disposable dusters, hard cleaning wipes, etc. Textile materials used in the operating theatre and emergency rooms: These include surgeon’s gowns, caps and masks, patient drapes and cover cloths of all sizes. The purpose of protective healthcare garments is to protect healthcare professionals from contamination from blood and other infectious fluids. Biological protective garments are defined by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) as follows: Personal protective clothing will be considered appropriate only if it does not permit blood and other infectious materials to pass through to reach a employees work clothes, street clothes, undergarment, skin, eyes, mouth or other mucous membranes under the normal conditions of use and for the duration of time the protective equipment will be used. According to this definition, there are two basic requirements for a protective textile garment: it should prevent infectious materials from passing through the skin and it should last long enough. Protective apparel in the medical field should be affordable, breathable, comfortable, dependable, and effective3. Coating and Laminating technologies that lead to the development of lighter, comfortable, more protective clothing for superior protection of operating room staff and patients are being used in Canadian hospitals. Barrier fabrics: It is essential that the environment of the operating theatre is clean and a strict control of infection is maintained. A possible source of infection to the patient is the pollutant particles shed by the nursing staff which carries bacteria. Surgical gowns should therefore act as a barrier to prevent the release of pollutant particles into the air. Barrier requirements can be partial resistant) or total (proof) ranging from particulates and bacteria to fluids and viruses. In general, a hydro head of > 40 cm is required to compete in this market. To date, the only products that consistently pass the viral barrier test are fabrics reinforced with impervious film. For sterilization wraps, % BFE tests with Staph aureus are > 85% for SMS and <80% for wet -laid fabrics. Efforts to reduce and control the level of bacterial particles in the O.R. environment have focused on engineering of ventilation systems and improving the types of garments worn by O.R. personal. With the rapid increase in blood borne diseases, such as hepatitis C and HIV, the need for medical workers to wear garments that provide a barrier to fluids such as water, blood and alcohol have become critical. These items can be in the form of simple slip-on body covers and instrument wraps to complex 3-D shapes such as masks. The major requirements for barrier fabrics are that they resist the penetration of liquids, particularly blood and at the same time be sterile, breathable, flexible and inexpensive. Because of these requirements most of the barrier garments are made from non-woven fabrics that are relatively inexpensive and can be thrown away after each use, thus reducing the need for re-sterilization. In some cases, special breathable films are being added to fibers and fabrics. In other cases, ingredients are being added directly into polymers being used to make the fibres14. Theatre drapes are intended to form a barrier against infection both to and away from the patient. The complex series of requirements for such a product are as follows: The material should constitute a barrier to moisture and bacteria. For drapes, the material should be: plasticized; laminated or partly laminated with a plastic sheet, treated to render it water- and moisture-repellant or impermeable. The material should be steam sterilizable. In the case of wraps, it should be steam permeable. The material should not allow bacteria to penetrate through. One must quantify the time of penetration if, any. The material must be able to withstand prolonged handling and lengthy procedures. The material should have a non-slip surface. It must have passed flammability tests. It must be tough and waterproof when wet. It must be flexible, draping smoothly on application, readily conforming to the patient’s shape. Any dyes used must be fast and non-irritant. The colour used must not cause any glare to the eyes. Autoclave tape must be removed without tearing the drape. The material must be able to hold towel clips without tearing. The drape must be easy to apply no complicated folding needed and clearly marked with instructions for unfolding. It must be easy to adjust or extend the opening. The drape should not give rise to wetness or sweat from the patient’s skin. The material must comply with anti-static requirements. The price must be economical when compared with equivalent items. The drape must not be produced to the exact requirements. The material should be burnable. Assurance of delivery is necessary. The material should be lint-free. Several non-woven fabric constructions are considerations for this application, including wet-laid materials, which may be scrim-reinforced, and dry laid viscose fabrics of around 60 g/m2, often laminated to a polyethylene barrier layer. Random-laid structures are less prone to tearing away by clips. Similar fabric requirements are necessary for other hospital applications such as variety of gowns, masks and caps. Less critical end uses include sheets, pillowcases, bibs, over shoes and wipes. Sterilization wrap: Single room sterilization wraps also called as (Central Supply Room) wraps are sold as flat sheets made to specific sizes. The use is primarily for wrapping trays and large instruments in the hospital central supply room. Gowns, Drapes and Caps: Gowns come in a variety of designs such as unreinforced and reinforced. Performance features are tearing resistance, fluid barrier, abrasion resistance and breathability. Drapes are sold as flat folded sheets with film backing in most cases and a variety of special pads and backings. Incontinence care products: The word of incontinence means an unplanned occurrence of the bladder and bowel functions. Incontinence is not a rare condition. Products for such conditions may be in the form of mattress protector. The soft polyester and bottom absorb all the moisture while the vinyl center prevents the passage of fluids. Dignity pants with wide dry-guard barrier panel for secure leak proof and bowel protection made of polyester and cotton. Developments include a belt fixing arrangement, use of short fibre, air laid cellulose and super absorbent cores used in products used for light incontinence. In general, the design challenges for adult incontinence products are similar to infant diapers and market segment considered to be relatively small1. The disposable diaper is a composite article consisting of an inner covering layer (cover stock), an absorbent layer and an outer layer. The inner covering layer is either a longitudinally oriented polyester web treated with a hydrophilic finish, or a spun laid polypropylene non-woven material. Several weft and warp knitted pile or fleece fabrics composed of polyester are also used as a part of a composite material which include foam as well as PVC sheets for use as incontinence mats. With the continuing growth in the market for adult incontinence products, the amount of body fluid to insult a diaper is required to withstand has created more stringent performance criteria for wicking of cover stock surface. Cloths and wipes: Are made from non-woven bonded fabrics which may be soaked with an antiseptic finish. The cloth or wipe may be used to clean the wounds or the skin prior to wound dressing application, or to treat rashes or burns. Surgical Hosiery: With graduated compression characteristics is used for several purposes, from a light support to the limb, to the treatment of venous disorders. Knee and elbow caps that are generally shaped during knitting or circular machines, and may also contain elastomeric threads, are worn for support and compression during physically active sports, or for protection. Masks: The medical face masks market, representing 6% of yardage consumption in the US market, is a $60-plus million market, worldwide. The opportunity here is for inner and outer linings, filtration media and the ties. Materials used: There are many applications for non-woven textile products in the medical and healthcare sectors. Non-wovens have distinct advantages over more traditional forms of fabric formation as they can be manufactured directly from fibers at relatively lower cost. The non-woven method is therefore suitable for the production of disposable products, which contribute greatly to the high levels of hygiene required in medical applications by limiting the incidence of cross infection. An extensive product line of disposable non-woven is now available for products which require liquid barrier protection, absorbency, filtration efficiency, softness, etc. A dramatic increase in the rise of reusable linen products resulting from a rise in labor costs and a greater awareness of hygiene issues have increased the use of non-woven disposable products. Adhesive bonded non-woven fabrics are majorly used for hospital usage and sanitary applications, including nappy liners and complete throwaway items. It is these areas that disposables are established on the basis of practicality and hygiene. The development of low bulk density non-woven fabrics helps to achieve the cloth-like characteristics for surgical-care products, such as softness, opacity, substance, surface texture, absorbency, low static, comfort, acoustic deadness, porosity, and improved liquid holding capacity, and fast drainage. Sterilization Stability: Sterilization is the process used to inactivate microbiological contaminants and thereby transform the non-sterile items into sterile ones. It is essential for hospital applications that sterile products are employed, and there are various techniques by which this can be achieved. Sterilization by steam, dry heat, ethylene oxide, and irradiation process are used depending on the product type and fibre characteristics. A sterilization process can bring about changes in properties as strength, absorbency, and appearance. Many hospitals have added peroxide plasma systems, such as STERRAD, to their standard steam autoclaves and ethylene oxide chambers in the Central Supply Room. When designing fabrics for sterilization it is essential to understand the impact of sterilization procedures on fabric performance features. In the U.S., steam autoclaves generally operate at 250-2700 (121-1320C). In Europe, flash sterilization temperatures up to 1380C have been proposed in respect to concerns about Jakob-Crueze Disease. The polymer selection must be made with this type of temperature exposure in mind. Antimicrobial textiles: Treated textile articles can include medical textiles such as pads, face masks, surgical gowns, ambulance blankets, stretchers, filter materials and diapers. Antimicrobial fibers: High performance fibers have been developed which prevent hazardous bacteria from buildup and will find applications in the fields of personal hygiene where buildup of dangerous bacteria can be hazardous to health: the fibre basically contains a combination of antimicrobial compounds, based on metallic salts which ultimately controls bacteria and fungi. The compounds are embedded in the matrix of fibers which renders it impervious to washing and wear. Testing of healthcare garments: Laboratory tests include water repellency, launderability (if recyclable), burst strength and tear strength. The design of barrier fabrics is driven by the concern over HIV. Therefore, for these fabrics test methods that would assist in the characterization of products as blood-resistant, blood proof or viral proof. These methods have been established as ASTM 1670-95 and 1671-97. The demand wettability method of measuring the absorbency characteristics of fabrics have been described by Lichstein. This technique measures both capacity and absorption rate simultaneously at zero hydrostatic head. It is applicable to different absorbents, wicking fluids and multiple-ply structures with the absorbent at any angle to the fluid and under different pressures. Other textile products used in hospitals include bedding, clothing, shoe covers, mattress covers, etc

Authors Yimin Qin

Due to their unique chemical and physical structures, textile fibers and fabrics are ideal carriers for drugs that can be directly transferred to the skin or other parts of the body. development of drug-releasing systems and describes the various methods used for loading drugs into textile-based structures, such as coating, encapsulation, fiber spinning, bioconjugation, ion complexes, and nanotechnologies. Attempts are also made to analyze the controllability of the drug-loading and drug-releasing systems. In addition, this chapter introduces the many applications for drug-releasing textile materials, such as functional wound dressings and antimicrobial textiles.

Author: Ashis Kumar Samantaa & Priti Agarwal

Natural dyes are known for their use in coloring of food substrate, leather as well as natural protein fibers like wool, silk and cotton , characterization and chemical/biochemical analysis of natural dyes; extraction of colorants from different natural sources; effects of different mordants and mordanting methods; conventional and non-conventional methods of natural dyeing; physico-chemical studies on dyeing process variables and dyeing kinetics; development of newer shades and analysis of colour parameters for textiles dyed with natural dyes; and test of compatibility for application of binary mixture of natural dyes. The chemical modification of textile substrate for improving dyeability, attempts for improvement in overall colour fastness properties and survey of some traditional processes of natural dyeing. Cationic dye fixing agent, Colour fastness, Dye characterization, Natural dye, UV absorber. Characterization and Chemical/ Biochemical Analysis of Natural Dyes, Macro- and Micro-chemical Analysis. The chemistry, chemical composition and chemical based classification of natural dyes having anthraquinone (madder), alpha naphthoquinones (henna), flavones (weld), indigoids (indigo and tyrian purple), carotenoids (annatto, saffron), etc. which give a basic understanding of chemical nature of such colorants. Mordanting is the treatment of textile fabric with metallic salts or other complex forming agents which bind the natural mordantable dyes onto the textile fibers. Mordanting can be achieved by either pre-mordanting, simultaneously mordanting and post-mordanting. Different types and selective mordants or their combination can be applied on the textile fabrics to obtain varying colour/ shade, to increase the dye uptake and to improve the colour fastness behavior of any natural dye.

Authors Gupta,D.A., et al.

The treated fabrics were then dyed with some selected natural dyes such as annatto, onion, pomegranate, indigo, myrobalan, bar berry; and synthetic dyes such as reactive and sulphur dyes. These treated samples were tested for their dyeing characteristics (K/S value, fastness properties, washing, light, rubbing and stain resistance), anti-bacterial, uv-protection, anti-odor behaviors and SEM study. Among the treated fabrics, sodium hydroxide treated cotton fabric exhibited the best properties. Cotton is the most widely used textile fiber in the world. Cotton has a high absorbency rate and holds up to 27 times its own weight in water. Cotton swells in a high humidity environment, in water and in concentrated solutions of certain acids, salts and bases. However, the moist cotton can be easily attacked by bacteria. Antimicrobial textiles with improved functionality have a variety of applications in health and hygiene products, especially the garments worn close to the skin. With increasing world population and the spread of disease, the number of antibiotic resistant microorganisms is rising along with the occurrence of infections from these microorganisms. To address these growing concerns in the environment, research is focused on the use of reusable textiles with durable finishes. The importance of antimicrobial textiles goes together with the rise in resistant strains of microorganisms. In this study cotton (woven and knitted) fabrics were treated with sodium hydroxide, morpholine, and cellulase enzyme followed by dyeing and finishing to improve bacterial resistance dyeing characteristics, UV-protection, and odor resistance. In textile dyeing, reactive and sulphur dyes are widely used because of their high fastness properties. However, the use of natural sources is increasing due to their coloration and functional properties. Hence, some selected natural sources and synthetic dyes (reactive and sulphur) were applied to the cotton fabrics with the chemical treatments. The fabrics tested for their dyeing characteristics (K/S value, fastness properties-washing, light, rubbing and stain resistance), anti-bacterial, UV-protection, anti-odor behaviors and characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Authors R Bhala, V Dhandhania, AP Periyasamy

In general, the term ‘finishing’ applies to all of the operations, both chemical and physical, carried out on the grey fabric. From this point of view, finishing can be considered as a very wide range of operations. In textiles, chemicals are widely used to add value to fabrics through effects varying from various feels such as soft, supple, dry feel, bouncy etc. and/or to adding to the functionality and durability of the fabric such as water-oil repellent finish, wrinkle free finish, moisture management, stain protection etc.; because of the use of these chemicals, the environment gets affected. As textiles have always been one of the most environment polluting industries, an attempt to innovate a suitable textile processing method (that delivers not only ecofriendly finished products but also does not hamper the surrounding environment due to emissions and effluent discharges) has been made. This resulted in a good alternative of finishing of fabrics using enzymes and other biomaterials which is known as bio-finishing. Bio-finishing can be simply defined as a biological way of giving wet treatment to the textiles. It includes enzymatic desizing, bio-scouring, bio bleaching, bio washing, biopolishing, finishing using biopolymers, aromatherapy and specialty finishes like wrinkle free effect, antimicrobial finish, deep sleep finishing etc. by using some or the other biological means which have been classified ahead, The main bio-finishing methods are enzymatic bio-finishing responsible for enhancing a number of fabric properties, its appearance and feel. Apart for this main method of bio-finishing, some naturally available biopolymers are used like chitosan and ?-cyclodextrin which are responsible for antimicrobial finishing treatments. Also, some aromatherapies like neem, rose, lavender, jasmine, aloe vera, and many others are used for bio-finishing of fabrics to inculcate properties like anti-microbial, fragrance, deep sleeping finish, anti-inflammatory etc., Bio-washing of cellulosic, Enzymatic degradation, Cellulases act as catalysts in a complex hydrolysis of reaction which involves several complicated steps. Their primary object is to break down the cellulose chains in easily accessible areas of the fibres into smaller soluble saccharides, the final end-product being glucose. According to prevailing hypothesis, cellobiohydrolase (CBH) attacks the chain ends of cellulose polymers to release cellobiose, the repeating unit of cellulose. Endoglucanase (EG) reduce the degree of polymerization of cellulose by attacking the amorphous region of cellulose by random scission of cellulose chains. Beta-glucosidase (BG) completes the process of hydrolyzing cellobiose to glucose, There are various different parameters, e.g. synergism of cellulases, pre-treatment of cotton, treatment solution conditions, and machinery that affect the ability of cellulases to act on cotton cellulose. Finishing using bio-polymers, Chitosan, Chitin/chitosan has chemical structures very similar to that of cellulose such as cotton and rayon. Chitin is the natural polysaccharide biologically produced by living creatures in huge quantities. Its production is next to the cellulose, which is biologically crabs, lobsters, and squids. It is also found in Insects like dragonflies, grasshoppers, and beetles. It is also estimated that about 1,50,000 tons of chitin is available for commercial use annually. Under the pretext of Eco friendliness, chitosan plays an important role in textile finishing. Various finishes given to textile material using chitosan can be listed as follows: a) Wrinkle free finish, b) Antimicrobial finish, antimicrobial finishes. There is a great demand for antimicrobial finishes on textile goods because consumer has become aware of the potential advantages of this material. The chemicals used however are toxic to human and not easily degraded in the environment. Thus, use of chitosan for antimicrobial finishes becomes an ecofriendly substitute. The antimicrobial activity of chitosan is against various bacteria and fungi. The antimicrobial activity of chitosan against different groups of microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi. Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis), belongs to the family Liliaceae, has been used in traditional medicinal practices as well as cosmetic uses. Aloe vera has excellent skin care properties which includes anti-inflammatory and anti-aging. Application of Aloe vera on textiles as an anti-ageing and moisturizing agent has been patented by Kimberley Clark Inc Ltd. DyStar Auxiliaries GmbH has developed a textile finishing product containing a combination of vitamin E, Aloe vera and jojoba oil in a silicon matrix for moisturizing and UV protection effect. This finish can also be applied on silk fabrics. Comparison of washing fastness of fabrics treated with Neem and Aloe vera, the results obtained from the serial dilution of the samples from washing fastness, there was no bacterial growth in the finished samples up to 15 washings. After 15 washings, there was less bacteria observed in neem finished cotton and silk samples and in the cotton, sample finished with both, the antimicrobial agents in combination. The cotton and silk samples finished with Aloe vera show no bacterial growth even after 20 washings. After 25 washing cycles, all samples show some bacterial colonies. Aloe vera samples show the lowest level of bacterial growth. Hence, it is obvious that Aloe vera finish has the best durability for washing. Second comes the combination finish, and samples finished with neem show comparatively a lower level of durability for washing.

Authors Nsangou Abdouramane, Noah Pierre Marcel Anicet, Fabien Betene Ebanda, Sibiescu Doina

During the dyeing process, the color is maintained over time due to the mordant that creates a strong bond between the dye and the fiber. The most common chemical mordants are potassium alum, tartar cream, tin chloride, cupric sulfate, ferrous sulfate, and potassium dichromate. The current trend of increasing nature protection requires the use of clean products for the textile finishing sector and the biodegradability of textiles. Aloe vera is known to be a natural mordant. Mordanting, which consists of the addition of chemical substances, has the function of creating a chemical bridge between the textile and the dye. To mordant a textile, metallic salts, called mordants or fixers, are necessary, Textile effluents are a source of pollution of water and even of the environment in general. The current trend of increasing respect for nature requires biodegradability of textiles and non-polluting products for textile finishing. The protection and improvement of the environment is a matter of major importance that affects the well-being of people and the economic development of the whole world (Principle 2 of the United Nations Conference on the Environment. Aloe vera gel is the transparent mucilage contained in the parenchymal cells of the fresh Aloe vera leaf. It is used in finishing because of its antimicrobial properties. Aloe vera gel, Plant-based textile, Natural fixative, Biomordant, fixation of Aloe vera gel on textiles, fixation of aloe vera on cotton textile and one on aids rhombifolia fibre, active ingredients of Aloe vera bind to hydroxyl groups, which is a crosslinking agent of macromolecules, The mordant creates a strong bond between the plant dye and the fiber to be dyed so that the dye color holds over time. The mordant is the fixative and aloe vera is one such mordant. Aloe vera gel contains a salty substance that allows it to be used in natural and ecological dyeing , Natural textile fixative, In cotton fabric, Aloe vera is used as a dye fixative in dyeing and printing because it contains a salty substance that allows its use in natural and ecological dyeing, Pre-treatment of textiles, in cotton fabric, Aloe vera is enzymatic (catalase, amylase) and gummy facilitating pretreatment and printing, Dispersing agent for textile dyes, Aloe vera is used in the dispersion of dye,

Authors kohantajkimiya.com

Given that the printing process could be a topical dyeing, it’s vital to have a specific boundary within the print design. For this reason, they use thickeners that are the main component the printing paste. The printing paste contains auxiliary and pigmented materials, and as the matter of fact, the thickener existing in this paste reduces its fluidity and prevents colorant (dye) effluence out of the border lines. The viscosity of the printing paste is another vital point during this process. As a result of the paste effluence and spreading on the surface and within the fabric texture is effective within the final print quality. For example, once high-speed roller printing is performed; If the paste viscosity is high (due to the limited time in the transfer of the paste from the roller to the fabric), it is possible that only the surface spots of the fabric be coated by the paste and the paste doesn’t get transferred to lower surfaces. This situation causes several issues, for example the beauty within the desired design, the mandatory stability and reduction of other printing standards. Also, after the printing and through the cleaning process, whereas removing the thickener should be utterly occurring, high viscosity of the paste will cause trouble in the process, and not only increases the price of the finished good, but also will make more problems for the environmental wastewaters. On the opposite hand, the exaggerated pressure between the printing roller and the fabric at the same time, the increased contact time between fabric and the printing roller increases the amount of paste transfer to the fabric surface, which the viscosity is also important in this case. Low viscosity within the paste separately from the considered factors such as the speed of the printing machine, the type of consumed fabric and… greatly affects the paste spreading and eventually reduces the delicateness of the border lines in the print design. Therefore, as to manage the flow and transfer of the printing paste, the paste must have the specified viscosity so that additionally to optimum spreading on the surface and depth of the fabric, preventing it from being transmitted outside the design. Considering these points are fully essential in selecting a thickener, however aside from viscosity, different points are necessary in thickener usage, including Stability and sustainability, absorption, Easy cleaning, Ease of paste preparation, Today, protecting earth and environment may be a major international concern, particularly the textile and clothing industry that is sadly one amongst the foremost harmful industries in this field. Therefore, the utilization of natural base chemicals, for instance, natural thickeners that are environmentally friendly, is effective in this regard. Alginates, These thickeners are sodium salts, potassium or calcium alginic acid that are kind of linear polysaccharide. Alginate, derived from seaweed, is dissolved in cold and warm water and creates a thick soluble. The viscosity of the alginate soluble decreases with the rise in temperature and if it’s not kept at high temperatures for an extended time, returns to the initial state after cooling. The viscosity of this substance hadn’t changed in 5-10 pH, however precipitates in extreme acidic pH and becomes gel in high alkaline pH. In general, the viscosity of alginate salts is based on their molecular mass. 2 percent soluble with high molecular mass and 6 percent soluble with low molecular mass are sufficiently viscosity. It is fascinating to know that alginate salts are capable of absorbing water at 300 times their weight and may be dissolved in water even after stabilization at high temperatures. Alginates are called the most effective alternative for printing with reactive dye, because of anionic chromatins emit the ionized carboxyl groups within the alkaline environment and are extremely appropriate for creating pastes with reactive dye. Starch, the main source of starch is potato, wheat, corn and rice. Hemopolymer starch is units of glucose. Ten to twenty percent of the starch is Amylose, that is a linear polysaccharide, and the opposite half is Amylopectin, which constitutes ninety to eighty percent of starch. Because of the various solubility of Amylose and Amylopectin, these two can be separated. Amylose is less complicated to make a gel comparing with Amylopectin, which is not suitable for using starch as a thickener, whereas the Amylopectin branch chains forestall the formation and molecular arrangement necessary for the formation of the gel. Wheat starch has been used in limited cases as a thickener for textile printing, whereas other starches aren’t used. To change and modify the properties of starch, heating can be used to change some of its physical structure. English glue is one of these items that is well stable against alkaline and is employed to create printing paste in vat dyes. It’s capable of restoring Azo dyes, therefore Anti-regenerative materials need to be added to the print paste. Starch solubility can be increased by chemical correction or etherizing. As a result of etherizing, molecular mass and viscosity gets reduced, that has a negative result on dye absorption. Starch etherizing is done in an alkaline environment using monochloro acetic acid, oxide ethylene and Dimethyl sulfate. A little amount of alginate can be added to the current recipient to increase the dye absorption. Starch ether is usually used in fabric printing with high-speed printing machines, because of the viscosity of the print paste is reduced at the moment, leading to a more complete transmission of the paste from the gravure to the fabric. Herbal seeds, Guar Guar is a kind of tree cultivated in India, Pakistan and America and its flour is used as thickener. 85 percent of guar flour is guaran, 63 percent is mannose, 35 percent is lactose and 5 to 7 percent is protein. The thickening ability of the guar is 5 to 8 times more than starch. It’s well hydrated in hot and cold water and makes a thick soluble. Its complete hydration depends on the temperature, for example, complete hydration in cold water could take up to 1 day, however it takes solely 15 minutes at 80″C. Acacia seeds, this seed comes from the Caro tree, which is an anionic polysaccharide. It doesn’t simply dissolve in cold water and requires heat to utterly dissolve. 3 to 11 pH has very little impact on its thickness and using only 2 percent of its solid material can obtain an efficient viscosity. Acacia seeds makes complex with borates, which the created gel is used in the two-staged printing with vat dyes. It gets back to its original state by adding acids. Herbal gums, these types of thickeners are obtained as syrup from the trunk of trees or the plant, composed of complex polysaccharides and have totally different uronic acid groups. Tragacanth is one of the plant gums found in southwestern Europe, Greece, Turkey and Syria; however, the most high-quality kind belongs to Iran. It has a good solubility within the water and produces a thick soluble with pH scale of 5 to 6. It’s stable till pH 2, but its viscosity decreases with heat and salt increasing. The 4 to 5% gum soluble has a good viscosity as a thickener. Arabic gum comes from the Senegalese Acacia tree, which grows in Sudan, Nigeria and West Africa. This thickener is a mixture of calcium salt, magnesium and… that has a good solubility in water. Evaluation of different types of thickeners in textile industry, Crystal gum is a more specific kind of Karaya gum, which India is the main manufacturer of it and is marketed in powder. Because of the high molecule weight of the gum, the gum doesn’t fully dissolve in water, however it shows good inflation. The viscosity of this thickener decreases with temperature increasing. Synthetic thickeners, Synthetic and semi-synthetic thickeners are used today because of affordable costs and easy preparation. Wood cellulose is the main supply of semi-synthetic thickeners after recovery implementing necessary chemical reactions; and it manufactures substances like CMC (Carboxymethyl cellulose) that’s used as stiffness and in some cases thickener. PVA or Polyvinyl alcohol is one of the synthetic thickeners and is consumed in a restricted amount. Since low number of synthetic thickeners also produce viscosity, they’re very appropriate to be used in printing processes such as pigmenting.

Authors Marta Fernandes †, Jorge Padrão *,†, Ana I. Ribeiro, Rui D. V. Fernandes, Liliana Melro, Talita Nicolau, Behnaz Mehravani, Cátia Alves, Rui Rodrigues and Andrea Zille

Nanotechnology is a powerful tool for engineering functional materials that has the potential to transform textiles into high-performance, value-added products. In recent years, there has been considerable interest in the development of functional textiles using metal nanoparticles (MNPs). The incorporation of MNPs in textiles allows for the obtention of multifunctional properties, such as ultraviolet (UV) protection, self-cleaning, and electrical conductivity, as well as antimicrobial, antistatic, antiwrinkle, and flame retardant properties, without compromising the inherent characteristics of the textile. Environmental sustainability is also one of the main motivations in development and innovation in the textile industry. Thus, the synthesis of MNPs using ecofriendly sources, such as polysaccharides, is of high importance. The main functions of polysaccharides in these processes are the reduction and stabilization of MNPs, as well as the adhesion of MNPs onto fabrics. This review covers the major research attempts to obtain textiles with different functional properties using polysaccharides and MNPs. The main polysaccharides reported include chitosan, alginate, starch, cyclodextrins, and cellulose, with silver, zinc, copper, and titanium being the most explored MNPs. The potential applications of these functionalized textiles are also reported, and they include healthcare (wound dressing, drug release), protection (antimicrobial activity, UV protection, flame retardant), and environmental remediation (catalysts).

Authors Hema Upadhayay, Shahnaz Jahan, Monika Upreti

Technical changes are totally changing the fashion market in coming years. In the coming years, approximately 80% textiles will be technical or functionalised. Today, cosmetic textiles also consider the part of technical textiles as it introduces innovative textile materials. Cosmetotextiles is “A textile article that contains a substance or a preparation that is intended to be released sustainability on to the different superficial parts of the human body, especially the skin, and which claim particular properties such as cleansing, perfume, change of appearance, protection, maintenance in good condition, or correction of body odours’’. Cosmetotextiles are classified on the basis of end use, ingredients used and fabric used. Various agents used in Cosmetotextiles are slimming agents, aromas and perfumes, anticellulite agents, moisturising agents, sunlight absorption agents and antioxidants agents. Cosmetotextiles are created by microencapsulation, grafting, doping and coating technique by incorporating different substances for body care or health that are gradually transferred to the skin by movement, pressure or the effect of the skin’s natural warmth. There are various natural and synthetic materials which are used in Cosmetotextiles like essential oils, fruit extract, flower extracts, plant extracts and animal extracts as natural sources along with some synthetic substances including iron oxide, zinc oxide, ethane diol and zinc nanoparticles etc. some commercially available Cosmetotextiles are refreshing wipes, eye-pads, hair towel, shapers, etc. Cosmetotextiles represents a fast emerging market for both the cosmetics industry and the textile industry, techniques used for applying cosmetic effects over textiles, there are essentially different ways of applying cosmetic effects on textiles; Microencapsulation, coating, dope insertion. “Microencapsulation is a micro packaging technique that involves the production of microcapsules which act as barrier walls of solids or liquids”. These capsules are produced by deposition of a thin polymer coating on dispersions of solids in liquids. The core ingredients in these capsules gradually transfer to the skin by the movement, pressure, skin natural warmth and the enzymes thus these cosmetic textiles nourish and revive the skin when worn next to skin, The microencapsulation of cosmetic ingredients for textiles was first commercialized by the brand Cognis with their Skintex® line. Canadian company In vista in 2003 in conjunction with Celessence™ launched LYCRA® body care range and draw the attention of customers as well as manufacturers around the world, in the same year French brand Lytess launched slimming tights, a wide range of anticellulite shape wear were further launched by the company in the successive years. Another French company Skin up in the year 2005 also launches a range of slimming garments, The range of application for these textiles has greatly expanded in recent years by the progressive involvement of high profile companies in the cosmetics and textile industries like Lipotech, Clariant International, Dogi, Euro jersey, Nilit, Teijin Fibers and Wrangler, Pozzi Electra had developed a composite fiber Crabyon from chitosan (ingredient derived from crab?s pulp) known for its healing properties.Emana a polyamide 6.6 yarn containing bioactive mineral crystals in its polymer matrix was launched by Solvay. Emana a specially design nano fiber enriched with bioactive crystals which helps in absorbing human body heat and augment the microcirculatory blood flow which brings an improvement in the collagen synthesis and hence increase skin?s elasticity and softness. Lenzing launched its first product Tancel C (Tancel + Chitosan) fibre which contains microcapsules of chitosan in the realm of the spun cellulosic. The resultant fiber not only provides silky texture to the wearer but also helps in maintaining the body moisture content and enhances the cell regeneration.Nylon microfiber Noveral was patented in 2006 by Nurel which incorporates the microcapsules into the polymer of nylon yarn, before extrusion. Development of Novarel nylon has enabled several of world knitters, to develop collections of shape wear fabrics with permanent well being, benefits. A specialty yarn Nilit breeze from Nilit was designed for summer, to create soft-touch, with a unique cooling effect. It consists of flat cross section with inorganic micron particles which ensure the lower of body temperature.

Authors Madhu C.R. and Patel M.C.

Textile printing is an important art of creating decorative textile fabric. The coloration is achieved either with dyes of pigments in printing paste. A successful print involves correct colour, sharpness of mark, levelness, good hand and efficient use of dye: all of these factors depend on the type of thickener used. The thickener must be compatible with other ingredients present in printing paste, The relatively high cost and limited supply of natural thickeners has spurred efforts to find alternatives. Acidic medium is necessary for wool printing and natural thickeners used for reactive dyes are not stable in acidic media, which also lead to find alternatives. Synthetic thickeners, predominate in the printing of pigments due to their low solids content. They additionally offer advantage over natural thickeners in quick and easy paste preparation and viscosity adjustment, and consistency of quality and supply, a printer is looking for a paste that is simple to prepare, stable, prints level and sharp, minimizes the use of dye and auxiliaries, and easy to remove.

Authors Maithri S. Rai, P.Rama Bhat, P.S.Prajna, K.Jayadev and P.S.Venkatakrishna Rao

Colors gives delightful pleasure to eyesight but at the same time they may act as serious pollutants when their origin is dyes and dyestuffs. Textile industries have been using dyes intensively because of their ease and cost effectiveness in synthesis most widely used in textile, rubber, and enamel, plastic, cosmetic and many other industries, dyes are chemically diverse and divided into azo, anthraquinone, heterocyclic polymers and triphenylmethane dyes. Most of these are stable against light, temperature and biodegradation and have therefore accumulated in the environment as recalcitrant compounds. Conventional waste-water treatment is not efficient to remove recalcitrant dyestuffs from effluents. Approximately 10,000 different dyes and pigments are produced worldwide and used extensively in the dye and printing industries. It is estimated that about 10-14% of the total dye used in the dyeing process may be found in wastewater. These dyes are recalcitrant, and toxic. They resist microbial biodegradation and are therefore not easily degraded in wastewater treatment plant. Thus, treatment of dye is yet one of the challenging tasks in environment field. Currently available methods such as chemical oxidation, reverse osmosis, adsorption, etc., suffer from disadvantages such as high cost, regeneration problems and secondary pollutants/sludge generation. Recently, Researchers have been focusing their attention to enzymatic treatment . A major class of synthetic dyes includes the azo, anthraquinones and triphenylmethane dyes. Dyes are difficult to degrade biologically, so that degradation of dyes has received considerable attention. About 10-15% of all dyes are directly lost to wastewater in the dyeing process.1-2 Thus, the wastewater must be treated before releasing into the natural environment. The Food and Drug Administration nominated MG as a priority chemical for carcinogenicity testing by the National Toxicology Program 1993. MG and its reduced form, leucomalachite green, may persist in edible fish tissues for extended periods of time. Therefore, there are both environmental and human health concerns about bioaccumulation of MG and leucomalachite green in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, The popularity and widespread use of azo dyes is due to several factors. As a group, they are color-fast and encompass the entire visible spectrum, and many are easily synthesized from inexpensive and easily obtained starting materials. Also, azo dyes are typically amenable to structural modification, and can be made to bind to most synthetic and natural textile fibers. Because azo dyes are highly colored, they are readily apparent and can create a significant environmental problem by affecting water transparency as well as aesthetic problems, It is necessary to clarify the concepts of decolorization, degradation, and mineralization of dyes Decolorization is simply the disappearance of the color in wastewater without the actual breaking apart of the dye molecules, which does not necessarily mean degradation of the complex dye molecules. Degradation is the destruction of the large dye molecule to smaller components, along with the breakdown of the chromophores. While chromophore groups of dyes may be destroyed, the intermediate produced may be more toxic than the original compounds and could present significant problems for receiving water bodies. Mineralization means organic compounds are converted to inorganic compounds, i.e., nitrate, carbon dioxide, and water. In this case, a complete detoxification is achieved, and no secondary pollution will be introduced. Aloe gel also contains lignan, salicylic acid, saponins, sterols, and triterpenoids. The fresh gel contains the proteolytic enzyme carboxypeptidase (which breaks down bradykinin), glutathione peroxidase, as well as several isozymes of superoxide dismutase. The gel also contains vitamins A, C, E, B12, thiamine, niacin and folic acid, as well as the minerals sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, copper, zinc, chromium, and iron, (Aloe barbadensis and Aloe arborescens) chemical constituents, A. vera contains amino acids, lipids, sterols, tannins, enzymes flavonoids and mannose 6 phosphate, The percentage decolorization/ degradation was studied at different parameters like maximum part of plant showing degradation, effect of buffers, effect of pH, effect of temperature, effect of dye concentration, effect of enzyme quantity and effect of time period. Use of appropriate buffers, Congo red showed a maximum decoloration with skin extracts of Aloe vera and decoloration was up to 30% whereas Malachite green decoloration was maximum with pulp extract of Aloe barbadensis for each dye A buffer is needed for the activity of enzyme. Three buffers (Acetate buffer, phosphate buffer and citrate buffer) of Ph 7 were used. Effect of pH, pH factor was optimized to obtain maximum decoloration. pH ranges from 4-9, Effect of temperature, temperature plays an important role in the enzyme activity. Temperature range for30 C- 60 C,

Authors Fibre Fashion

The content of the plant helps in rejuvenating the skin cells, helps in the formation of healthy dermis and fights against skin damage. Innovations in the textile field have embedded the virtues of aloe vera in garments, which prevents ageing of the skin; rejuvenates skin cells and keeps skin free from microbial infections. Garments are made of a microfiber with an open mesh construction that improves the transport of moisture to the skin. Micro encapsulation technology helps to add aloe vera in the fabrics creating endless possibilities in the textile segment. Aloe Vera content is embedded into airtight and waterproof microcapsules. These micro capsules are miniature containers, manufactured with a protective polymeric coating or melamine shell. These shells can protect its contents from evaporation, and contamination until it is released. The capsules are bonded with the fibers during the process when fabric is manufactured. The capsules open when the fabric is touched or rubbed. When the garment is tailored, these capsules remain as a part of the clothing. When the garment is worn, the aloe vera in the garment is applied on the skin in a regular basis. This tolerates a temperature of 130C. This type of fabric is mainly used in manufacturing inner garments, as they are next to the skin. Apart from keeping the body warm, it also has some additional functions like absorbing bad smell, and providing anti-bacterial features. They are used in the manufacture of under garments, stockings etc. This will be more beneficial for the making of infant wears. Mothers can now protect their infants against chaffing byputting aloe vera enriched clothes. Aloe Vera enriched garments are in the initial stages of development. Not much is known about the textile applications of this wonder, medicinal plant.

Authors Amanuel L. and Teferi X.

It is important to note that biotechnology is not just concerned with biology, but it is a truly interdisciplinary subject involving the integration of natural and engineering sciences. Biotechnology is like an enormous “factory” which not only provides other industries with innovative ideas, but also supplies the appropriate knowledge. Now familiar with the application of modern biotechnology in medicine and agriculture: so-called red and green biotechnology. There is less general awareness of the white variety: the use of biotechnology for industrial applications. These are all examples of biotechnology in action, a sector that is constantly growing and expanding into other industrial sectors, a true driving force of interdisciplinary applications. The current trend deals with the potential of aloe Vera gel as biotechnology in the textile industry. The aloe plant, being a cactus plant, is about 95% water, with an average pH of 4.5. The remaining solid material contains over 75 different ingredients including vitamins, minerals, enzymes, sugars, anthraquinones or phenolic compounds, lignin, saponins, sterols, amino acids, and salicylic acid. Several of enzyme biochemical catalysts, such as amylase and lipase, can aid digestion by breaking down fats and sugars. One important enzyme, a carboxy-peptidase, inactivates bradykinins and produces an anti-inflammatory effect. During the inflammatory process, bradykinin produces pain associated with vasodilation and, therefore, its hydrolysis reduces these two components and produces an analgesic effect. As mineral composition Aloe Vera contains Calcium, Manganese, Sodium, Copper, Magnesium, Potassium, Zinc, Chromium, and Iron. These minerals are essential for human health care; calcium is essential for proper bone and teeth density, Manganese a component of enzymes necessary for the activation of other enzymes, Sodium ensures that the body fluids do not become too acidic or too alkaline, Copper enables iron to work as oxygen carriers in the red blood cells, Magnesium is used by nerves and muscle membranes to help conduct electrical impulses, Potassium regulates the acidic or alkaline levels of body fluid, Zinc contributes to the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates and fats, Chromium is necessary for the proper function of insulin, which in turn controls the sugar levels in the blood and Iron controls the transportation of oxygen around the body via the red blood cells. Desizing of cotton with aloe gel, Aloe Vera has thick succulent water-soluble gel, which contains more amount of polysaccharide especially, Polysaccharides: glucomannans/ polymannose this sugar is thick in nature and its thickness is used as thickener in reactive and pigment printing. Effect of sodium ion present in aloe gel on low salt reactive dyed cotton fabrics, since aloe, gel contains many compounds inside like enzymes, amino acids and elements like magnesium, calcium sodium and other essential compounds and elements. From these elements, we tried to use the sodium ion for reactive dyeing without addition of sodium chloride. The fabric pre-treated cotton fabrics dyed with null salt and we got different depth of shade depending on concentration aloe gel the fabrics pre-treated. in our test the fabrics treated with 100% aloe gel have good and higher shade depth, 80% aloe gel treated fabrics has medium and the 60% aloe gel treated fabrics have lower shade depth. Because when the concentration aloe gel is increasing the amount of sodium ion inside the aloe gel is directly increases and the dye bath exhaustion so the dye uptake of the fabrics is higher as shown above the results. When we come to the fabric, properties as if wash fastness, tearing strength, drapiblty is not damaged even the treatment give good texture, smoothness, and medical applications like bandage to wound. Antimicrobial activity of aloe gel treated sample (agar diffusion test), the result of Agar Diffusion Test for antimicrobial effectiveness against standard test cultures viz., E. coli (gram negative). The zone of bacterial inhibition is indicated by a halo around the specimen. It is apparent that the activity of aloe gel treated samples is high against E. coli. It is attributed that bacterial inhibition is due to the slow release of active substances from the fabric surface. The anthraquinone present in the aloe absorb the fatty acids, which make the fabric free from microbe profilation. Effect of enzymes present in aloe gel in cotton desizing Some of the most important enzymes in Aloe Vera are Peroxidase, Aliiase, Catalase, Lipase, Cellulase, Carboxypeptidase, Amylase and Alkaline Phosphatase. These enzymes have active centers, which are the points where substrate molecule can join. Just as a particular key fit into a lock, a particular substrate molecule fits into the active site of the enzyme. The substrate forms a complex with the enzyme. Later the substrate molecule is converted into the product and the enzyme itself is regenerated. The process continues until the enzyme is poisoned by a chemical bogie or inactivated by extremes of temperature, pH or by other negative conditions in the processing environment. Protein concentration present in extracted aloe gel, The test result has clearly indicated that the absorbency wavelength of aloe gel at 200 nm 2.957 and 290 nm 2.674 but the wavelength is constant in between 205 nm and 280 nm. It can be strongly believed that most of the protein has strong and peak absorbency at the above-mentioned nm. Hence, the protein present in the extracted gel is very pure without any variation in the frequency curve, irrespective of color and percentage shade, dye uptake of reactive dyed by cotton fabric highly depends on the concentration of aloe gel in padding solution of pre-treatment for dyeing. The extent of improvement in dye uptake depends on concentration of sodium ion as well as duration of treatment. When the fabric is treated with higher concentration of aloe gel, the dye shade depth can be improved. Higher the concentration of sodium ion and longer the duration of the treatment better will be dyeing uptake. The aloe gel treated fabric was exhibited high desizing efficiency. This is due to key -Lock mechanism of enzymes presents in the aloe gel. When we compare the desizing efficiency of synthetic enzyme and aloe gel enzyme (natural enzyme amylase) the weight loss is greater that means the weight loss in synthetic enzyme desizing is 7.9% and in aloe gel case it is 11.02% so it has good desizing efficiency but aloe gel desizing have side effect of coloring salt. Remedies: it can be improved by usual scouring method. Because Aloe Vera has six antiseptic agents (Anthraquinone, sulphates, lupeol, salicylic acid, cinnamic acid, urea nitrogen and phenol) which act as a team to provide antimicrobial activity thus eliminating many internal and external infections. From our lab result aloe gel treated fabric has very high inhibition against E. coli microorganism. The qualitative amount of protein presenting in aloe gel is from 2.5-3 gram in one litter of aloe gel and this have good promising for production of glycoprotein which is responsible for white blood cell production. And also, the protein present in the aloe gel is extremely pure and free from fertilizer. The test results of aloe gel printed fabrics have strongly showed that aloe gel can be used as natural thickener in place of synthetic thickener. When we use aloe gel the color depth is much higher than synthetic printed fabric. This is because of the nature of aloe gel is colorless when it is pure. But the synthetic thickener is s white in color influences the color depth. In addition to our work further research work should be suggested to find out the miracle nature and application of aloe Vera

Authors Abdou, E.S., El-Hennawi, H.M. and Ahmed, K.A.

Improving the environmental impact and unifying processes because of using one class of dyes in coloring fabrics made of blends of chemical and natural fibers is one of the main trends in the evolution of textile dyeing and printing technology. Recently, there has been a revival of interest in natural dyes throughout the world as some synthetic dyes are being banned due to their toxic, carcinogenic, and polluting nature. Most natural dyes need the use of chemicals, called mordant, to help promoting dye absorption and fixing and prevent bleeding and fading of the colors. Mordants form chemical bonds between the dye molecules and the proteins of the fabrics (wool is generally the best fabric colored with natural dyes). Natural dyes are used for food coloring, painting, and textile dyeing. They have shown a greater interest in textile dyeing because they are more ecofriendly than synthetic dyes. Curcumin (1,7-bis (4-hydroxy-3-methoxy phenyl)-1,6heptadione-3,5-dione) is a yellow pigment present in rhizome of Curcuma longa which is widely used in food industry. Treatment of textiles with chitosan which is considered as multifunctional finish not only contributes to its antimicrobial properties but also results in enhancement of color strength thus generating much interest towards chitosan. It is also used as an auxiliary in printing of textiles. It has been reported that the printed samples have comparable color fastness to that of commercial printed samples, but chitosan film on fabric surface is not desirable since it causes the problem of fabric sti?ness (poor handling). Blending of starch with chitosan results in formation of edible coating with a good film forming and mechanical properties; starch must be gelatinized first before blending with chitosan. Hence the aim of the present study is to investigate the combined e?ect of chitosan and gelatinized starch as thickening agent in screen printing technique using natural dye and to explore its antimicrobial properties.

Authors E.M.R. El-Zairy.

The technical feasibility of using Aloe vera gel as a new thickener for printing polyester with disperse dyes, the properties of the printed fabric samples (colour strength, K/S, overall fastness properties, handling and sharpness) were dependent on gel concentration, the type and concentration of additive (i.e. urea or citric acid), as well as the fixation conditions using the super-heated steam technique. The optimum conditions for printing polyester fibre with disperse dyes using Aloe vera gel as a thickener were as follows: 30 g/kg disperse dye, 50 g/kg urea, 15 g/kg citric acid, 500 g/kg Aloe vera thickener and 50% drying at 100″C for 3 min followed by steam fixation for 6 min at 180″C, The central parenchyma tissue of aloe vera contains a bitter yellow exudate which contains 1, 8 dihydroxy anthraquinones derivatives and their glycosides. The aloe parenchyma tissue or pulp contains proteins, lipids, amino acids, vitamins, enzymes, inorganic compounds, and small organic compounds in addition to a variety carbohydrate. Disperse dyes are mainly used in the dyeing and printing of polyester and its blended fabrics and can be used with all techniques. Disperse prints have excellent printing properties, excellent wet fastness and excellent colour strength, Thickening Agents, Aloe vera gel extracted from the plant as an eco-friendly thickening agent as well as Indrez(r) HTA series (a natural polymer based on guar gum produced by Encore Natural Polymers, a private limited company in India) were used as thickening agents, disperse dyes, Auxiliaries and chemicals, performance of a new thickening agent for disperse printing of polyester fabrics, as well as to search for the ideal printing paste components and fixation conditions for attaining darker prints with better overall fastness properties, increasing the thickening agent concentration from 100 g/kg up to 500 g/kg resulted in an improvement in the K/S values of the disperse prints, which could be discussed in terms of higher paste viscosity and minimum undue penetration or flashing of the dye; ii) a further increase in the concentration of the thickening agent had practically no effect on the depth of the obtained prints and was accompanied with a negative impact on softness), the overall fastness properties of the printed polyester fabric samples showed that using Aloe vera at 500 g/kg as a thickening agent yielded the best improvement in the handling, sharpness and fastness properties of the printed samples. The application of a new thickening, agent based on Aloe vera gel for disperse printing of polyester. Increasing the concentration of the thickening agent, aloe vera gel, up to 500 g/kg, along with the addition of urea up to 75 g/kg paste and citric acid up to 10 g/kg paste with a disperse dye concentration up to 30 g/kg paste results in an enhancement in the depth of the obtained prints, Super-heated steam fixation at 180oC for 6 min was found to be effective for attaining improved depth of disperse prints, The K/S values as well as the fastness properties of the obtained prints depend on the type of the dyestuff and the thickening

Authors Srivastava, A. and Singh, T.G

The consumers, the world over have realized the importance of eco-friendly, biodegradable natural dyes which are being encouraged and preferred by everyone. Natural dyes have no health hazards or disposal problems but on the contrary act as a health care. Benefits of using natural dyes and finishes for textiles can be numerous. In its preparation and application, no or only mild chemical reactions are involved which are unsophisticated and harmonized with nature. Fabrics dyed or finished with natural herbs can render added positive effects on the health of the wearer. It is well known that skin absorbs some elements which come in its contacts. This may be used to provide softening of skin, soothing and healing effects by finishing or dyeing of textiles or garments which are in constant touch with the skin always. Aloe vera is considered as a miracle plant with all its virtues like healing properties, analgesic effect, antimicrobial properties, anti-radiation, detoxifying agent, moisturizing and anti-ageing mechanism. Both oral intake and topical dressings have been documented to facilitate healing of any kind of skin wound, burn, or scald. It is also found to have antimicrobial properties. Procedures for dyeing: Treated as direct dye Aloe solution + nitric acid + common salt for Fabrics Cotton. Treated as acid dye Aloe leaf solution + concentrated nitric acid Cotton, silk, wool, Treated as mordant dye, Dyeing after cationization of cotton, Treated as mordant dye, Aloe solution + nitric acid + common salt + sodium hydroxide for cotton fabric , Treated as mordant dye, First treated with myrabolan + ferrous sulphate. Then dyed with aloe solution + nitric acid, Treated as mordant dye, First treated with myrabolan + alum. Then dyed with aloe solution + nitric acid + sodium hydroxide, treated as mordant dye, First treated with tannic acid + ferrous sulphate. Then dyed with aloe solution + nitric acid + sodium hydroxide, Treated as mordant dye, First treated with alum + ferrous sulphate, then dyed with the aloe solution + nitric acid + sodium hydroxide (Cationization of cotton was done by treating it with cationizing agent namely, Optifix EC LIQ (procured from Clariant), 5% owf, 1:50 MLR, at room temperature for 30 minutes. The cationized cotton was then dyed with the aloe solution + nitric acid in a bath and after 10 minutes, sodium hydroxide was added. Dyeing was done at boiling temperature and MLR 1:30. Natural dyes also fall under different dye classes as direct, acid, disperse, vat and mordant. Tannins such as harar (myrabolan), tannic acid etc are considered natural mordants. By first dyeing, let us say cotton with these compounds, one introduces additional hydroxyl and carboxylic groups in the fibre. These groups by themselves can only increase the dye uptake of basic dyes such as berberine. Mordants are useful only with dyes which have electron donating groups (o-hydroxy) which can form a complex with transition metal ions.

Authors Ripoll L, Bordes C, Etheve S, Elaissari A, Fessi H

A cosmetotextile is a textile containing a cosmetic preparation mainly for dermatology applications such as moisturizing, slimming or anti stretch mark. This specific textiles functionalization is based on the physical immobilization or impregnation of textile fibers by nano-objects containing active molecules. The preparation of such active nano-objects is generally based on the encapsulation of active molecules by a spherical polymer matrix (particles or capsules) fixed on the fiber. The release of the active molecule is due to the physical degradation of the polymer matrix or shell or, in some cases, via molecule diffusion processes. According to the definition of the Textile Industry and Clothing Standards Agency (BNITH), a cosmetotextile is “a textile item containing a substance or mixture that releases active molecules when in contact with the human body (i.e. on the epidermis, hair, and external sexual organs, with the exclusive or primary intention of cleaning, perfuming, changing aspect, protecting, and helping to maintain or correct body odors). Skin’ Up patented a fabric treatment process using a drug encapsulated in nanoparticles. According to the author, nanoparticle can be titanium or zinc dioxide, fullerenes, nanocrystals, nano emulsions, nano capsules, nanospheres, as well as spherulites. The fabrics are first impregnated with particles by exhaustion bath or spraying. Then fibers are coated with a protective filmogenic polymer to increase washing resistance and prolonged drug release kinetics. In parallel, the authors developed a technique to track drug release according to the number of washings by using a label impregnated by a coloring agent. The concentration of the coloring solution is adjusted as a function of the release kinetics of the drug. Washing depletes the particles present on the fiber and fades the coloring agent on the tag. Thus when the label becomes white the textile no longer contains particles, meaning that reloading is necessary. However, this system does not take into account the release of the drug when the clothes are worn. Therefore the label can still retain its color although there is no more or insufficient active molecules present on the fiber Particular attention has been focused on the elaboration of phase change materials (PCM). The properties of such materials are related to their ability to change their physical state (solid-liquid) as a function of temperature. PCM was first developed in the 1980s in order to protect astronauts against the high temperature fluctuations. Today such materials are used in textile to provide thermal control. There are different ways to obtain PCM, but the most investigated ones are based on the encapsulation of phase change material in microparticle. Then such microparticles are immobilized on textile or included into the fiber. Some years ago cosmetotextiles resisted only several washes. Currently, this resistance is being improved by the development of new particles and new fixing methods. The industry has also developed reload systems that increase cosmetotextile life. These systems allow reloading fibers with particles and drugs when the latter have been exhausted. Reloading consists of spraying or the addition of a mono-dose to the last washing step. cosmetotextiles could be used in a wide range of applications : functional fabric of all types (girdles, socks, trousers, underwear) and for all purposes (slimming, antibacterial, anti-odor, hydration), Prilling. This process makes use of polymer fusion properties. The drug is dispersed in a hot polymer solution remaining in liquid state. The solution is then pulverized in a liquid at low temperature; the polymer solution is cooled and driven to solidification. Size distribution is very narrow and depends directly on the size of the spraying nozzle. Particle size generally ranges from 200 to 800 ?m. Spray coating Spray coating allows solid drug coating. In the case of liquid drugs, they must first be adsorbed on a solid support. This technique has 3 steps: drug fluidization, pulverization of the coating material, drying of the coating film. Spray coating is sometime used on nano or microparticles to perform double -encapsulation. The size of the particles depends on the form of the initial solid as well as on the thickness of the coating layer. Size generally ranges from several micrometers to 20 ?m and must be thick enough to perfectly cover the surface. Spray-drying is very useful in the agrochemical and pharmaceutical industries to obtain solid particles from a liquid formulation. The liquid formulation contains drug and coating material. The process consists in placing nebulized liquid in contact with a controlled temperature air flux to ensure quick drying and the formation of solid particles. The particles are microspheres whose size ranges from 1 to 50 ?m. As seen above, cosmetotextiles include cosmetic preparations (drug, essential oils, etc.). Generally, cosmetotextiles are produced in two stages: Particle preparation (according to the different methods described above) Particle deposition on fabric. Sometimes particles form physical links directly with the fiber so they adhere to the support. Most often, they are not able to bind directly to the fiber, so they are linked by a binder that fixes the particles on the fiber through other interactions (Van Der Waals, hydrogenates).A second method to functionalize fibers is the preparation of polymeric film that can be fixed on the surface of fibers. The film can, for example, have intrinsic antimicrobic properties or include drug, cyclodextrins, calixarenes or dendrimers. functionalized substrates (fiber, glass, silica) by using a polymeric film formed from the polymerization between cyclodextrine and a crosslinking agent (hydroxyls, isocyanate, polycarboxylic acid, halogen, divinylsulfones). Temperature and kinetics reaction depends on the choice of crosslinked agent. For example, the polymerization reaction with polyisocyanate takes 20 min at 130-140″C.In these two modes of preparation, the adhesion between particles and fibers is achieved physically. There are several methods for depositing particles or film on fabric surfaces. Microencapsulation for Functional Textile Coatings with Emphasis on Biodegradability—A Systematic Review. Bojana Boh Podgornik *,Stipana Šandri?ORCID andMateja Kert Keywords indexed to the article: Microencapsulation, a technique that allows liquid or solid agents, such as drugs, proteins, cosmetics, dyes, and fragrance, to be encapsulated by a suitable barrier wall, is being used in the textile industry for functional finishes, which in turn helps in competition, gaining added values and increasing market share. microencapsulation for functional textile coatings. Methods for the preparation of microcapsules in textiles include in situ and interfacial polymerization, simple and complex coacervation, molecular inclusion and solvent evaporation from emulsions. Binders play a crucial role in coating formulations. Acrylic and polyurethane binders are commonly used in textile finishing, while organic acids and catalysts can be used for chemical grafting as crosslinkers between microcapsules and cotton fibers. Most of the conventional coating processes can be used for microcapsule-containing coatings, provided that the properties of the microcapsules are appropriate. There are standardized test methods available to evaluate the characteristics and wash fastness of coated textiles. Among the functional textiles, the field of environmentally friendly biodegradable textiles with microcapsules is still at an early stage of development. So far, some physicochemical and physical microencapsulation methods using natural polymers or biodegradable synthetic polymers have been applied to produce environmentally friendly antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory or fragranced textiles. Standardized test methods for evaluating the biodegradability of textile materials are available. The stability of biodegradable microcapsules and the durability of coatings during the use and care of textiles still present several challenges that offer many opportunities for further research. functional textile coatings based on microcapsules, with a particular focus on the biodegradability of microcapsules and textile products. One of the initial microencapsulation applications to achieve innovative effects in textile processing have been microencapsulated dyes and pigments for special textile printing and dyeing. Varieties of these include microencapsulated colorants for permanent dyeing and printing of textiles, as well as colour changing textiles based on thermochromic microcapsules, photochromic dyes, and electrochromic textiles containing microencapsulated liquid crystals. To achieve durable flame-resistance of textiles, organic or inorganic fire retardants have been microencapsulated and applied to textile substrates. Microencapsulation has been used to prevent exudation or sublimation of fire-retardant chemicals, to avoid reactions with textile polymers, and/or to overcome the hydrophilicity of the substances. Products include firefighting and military protective clothing, as well as textiles for automotive and domestic interiors. One of the flourishing applications of microencapsulation is functional textiles for active thermoregulation, used in insulating textiles, technical clothing, and sportswear. Most textiles for thermal regulation use phase change materials (PCMs), in which a dynamic heat exchange process occurs at the melting point temperature. To overcome the practical problems of solid–liquid phase transitions, PCMs must be microencapsulated and converted into solid formulations. When a PCM undergoes a solid-to-liquid phase transition, energy is stored in the form of latent heat at a constant temperature. The accumulated latent heat energy is released when the PCM re-solidifies, and the transition process is reversible. Typical organic PCMs are paraffin hydrocarbons or lipids with a melting point close to body temperature. In addition to classical PCMs, photothermal energy conversion materials also perform similar functionalities. By absorbing light and converting it into thermal energy, they are used in light-absorbing thermoregulatory textiles. To prevent UV-induced skin problems, some authors have incorporated microencapsulated synthetic or natural UV-absorbing compounds into functional UV-protective fabrics.In other technical textiles, microencapsulation has been used to achieve specific functionalities, such as improved sound absorption, super hydrophobicity, antifouling and enzymatic bio-sensing. Microencapsulated insecticides, acaricides, insect repellents and combined bioinsecticide-insect repellent compounds have been used in textiles to reduce volatility, prolong release and decrease wash fastness of active compounds from textile substrates. Fragranced textiles often contain essential oils, perfumes, or aromas in microencapsulated form to either gradually release the active ingredients through permeable shells, or to protect the cores inside the impermeable microcapsules until they are released by mechanical pressure or rubbing during product use. Modifications of the shell materials and binding formulations play an essential role in achieving better washing resistance over multiple washing cycles and in prolonging olfactory sensations. Some aromatic compounds, such as essential oils and their components, not only provide a pleasant fragrance effect but also offer antimicrobial protection. Being liquid, volatile and susceptible to oxidation, microencapsulation is required for their protection and conversion to solid state. The release mechanisms vary from slow diffusion through the permeable shell to instantaneous release triggered by pressure or melting. Antimicrobial textile products include hygiene masks, footwear, sportswear, medical garments and bio functional materials. Bioactive healthcare textiles have similar functionalities. Microcapsules must be composed of natural and biocompatible materials and approved for direct skin contact. Examples of medical textiles include microencapsulated antibiotics, methyl salicylate, cannabidiol, ozonated vegetable oils, lime oil and chitosan. Microcapsules for cosmetotextiles contain skin-caring active ingredients, such as essential oils and vitamins. Functional textiles initially focused only on individual value-adding properties. However, recent research has targeted combinations of multiple properties and effects, leading to new multifunctional smart textiles with three or more functionalities in one product, such as simultaneous aromatic, antimicrobial, UV-protective and superhydrophobic effects.

Authors: Alhayat Getu TEMESGEN, Omprakash Sahu

Yarns obtained from natural fibers have been played a significant role in human history for the manufacture of technical and conventional textiles. Enset yarn is manufactured from agro waste fiber called false banana fiber (enset fiber). Fiber and/or yarn is not effectively utilized in technical textile and textile fiber reinforced ecofriendly composites. This research work was focused on the effect of biochemical modification of enset yarn, morphological analysis and characterized the mechanical properties of the yarn. Chemical composition, morphological structure and tensile strength were investigated and studied by using Fourier Transfer Infrared (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and SHIMADZU Strength tester. The tensile strength of the yarns was evaluated before and after biochemical treatments. The result show that, enset yarns treated with caustic soda, amylase enzyme and Aloe-vera gel were exhibited a significant improvement in their morphological, tensile strength and weight loss as compared to untreated enset yarn. The test results shown that treated enset yarn with both chemical and enzyme had a tensile strength of 53.50 – 65.43 MP with lower percentage weight loss. The tensile strength of the yarn was improved by 22 % due to alkalization and softeners. The major weight loss (6.14 %) enset yarn was observed in both 7.5% w/v. of alkali and 20% w/v. of enzyme treatment.

Authors AITEX

When we are asked to define a cosmetic, we would probably answer with things such as creams, gels, soap, or shampoo. Others may speak of hygiene products and include oral hygiene, but cosmetics are defined officially by EC regulation 1223/2009: “Any product intended to be placed in contact with the superficial parts of the human body (epidermis, hair and capillary system, nails, lips and external genital organs) or teeth and oral mucous membranes, for the sole or principal purpose of cleaning, perfuming, modifying their appearance, protecting, keeping them in good condition or to correct body odors”. There is a range of products considered cosmetic although the consumer may not be aware of this. Indeed, a product may be cosmetic or not at the same time and this is due to its main purpose. A cosmetotextile is a cosmetic that needs a textile medium as a method of transport, such as hygienic wipes. It is any textile article containing a substance or preparation that is released over time on different surface parts of the human body, especially the skin, and which provides special functionalities such as cleaning, perfuming, changing the appearance, protecting, maintaining in good condition, or correcting body odors. Among the functions of cosmetotextiles regulated under EC 1223/2009 are functions such as slimming, moisturizing, energizing, fragrance, refreshing, relaxing, vitalizing, UV protection and firming effect. As cosmetotextiles are covered by cosmetics legislation, it is also possible to carry out toxicological and sensitization tests on healthy volunteers to predict whether an irritant response will occur, the same as for cosmetics. These predictive or efficacy tests are designed to verify claimed functionalities and use the open test, patch test, and use test. The trials are conducted so that allergic sensitization can be demonstrated in volunteers with suspected allergic contact dermatitis. They can be performed on cosmetotextiles to indicate that it has been dermatologically tested, that the product is non-irritant or that it has good skin compatibility and show that it has been dermatologically tested. Tests are also available for sensitive skin for children and toddlers. The textile and cosmetics sectors are growing closer due to a common need for different functionalities in everyday textiles, so as not to depend solely on cosmetics when it comes to skincare or the benefits of a particular asset. An example would be a bra impregnated with moisturizing active ingredients, to avoid the need to moisturize the breasts from time to time with traditional cosmetics, or the case of textiles for childcare with impregnated fragrances that provide aromatherapy for relaxation. Successful cases have been developed such as self-tanning socks, textiles with aromatherapy and garments that release encapsulated active ingredients. Thanks to the know-how gained over the years, the Institute is fully capable of helping and guiding companies in developing different cosmetotextiles and to carry out tests, trials, and certification necessary before the product can be marketed.

Authors Pradhan, S., Fatima, N. and Sharma, E.,

Printing, as an art, originated a few thousand years ago and its development continues till date. In this fast-changing world, printing is most important of all the processes used at present to decorate textile materials. With the use of synthetic thickener in printing industry many of the harmful effects are produced in the environment and to reduce this effect an environment friendly thickener can be used. Natural thickeners being widely distributed throughout the plant kingdom, they are easily available and present in abundance. As the ingredients of natural thickener are purely natural, they are non-allergic and non-toxic to our body and cause no health hazard. Aloe vera gel possesses some biological activities such as promotion of wound healing, antifungal activity, hypoglycemic or anti-diabetic effects, as well as anti-inflammatory, anticancer and gastro protective properties. The gel is a viscous, colorless, transparent gel. With all these properties aloe vera gel can be used as a printing thickener for cotton fabric which will not produce any harmful effect on human body which synthetic thickener may produce It is concluded that aloe vera thickener with 4g reactive dye gave best results. In case of reactive dye after treatment with 10% vinegar for 5minutes gave best result. Physical properties, drape, crease recovery, thickness, stiffness of all printed and treated samples showed good results. Color fastness properties were also found to be satisfactory. All the articles printed and treated with optimized recipes were highly appreciated as these were cost effective.

Authors Srinivasan B

With the growing trend in enhancing beauty through healthy means, customers request for apparels and home textiles containing not only their original basic characteristics, such as warmth and comfort, but also ones that carry extra functions, including environmental protection, anti-pollution and most importantly, health and beauty care, in an attempt for a more natural and healthier life. Owing to the rapid development of novel sciences and technologies, textile material shave also found applications in the cosmetics field in recent years. A new sector of cosmetic textiles is launched, and the textile industry is very optimistic that these products will open new target groups and sustainable markets. On contact with human body and skin, cosmetic textiles are designed to transfer an active substance for cosmetic purposes. One example is the transfer of skin moisturizing substances. The principle is achieved by simply imparting the cosmetic and pharmaceutical ingredients into the fabric of the clothing so that with the natural movements of the body, the skin is slowly freshened and revitalized. To achieve these functional effects, microencapsulation technology appears as an alternative way to provide satisfactory performance with increased durability. Microencapsulation Technology and Its Advantages, currently, microencapsulation technology is rapidly developing in the field of chemical finishing because of its versatility and flexibility. One major advantage of using microencapsulation technology is its ability to protect the active ingredients from hazardous environments, i.e., oxidization, heat, acidity, alkalinity, moisture, or evaporation. It also simultaneously, protects the ingredients from interacting with other compounds in the system, which may result in degradation or polymerization. Another important advantage of this versatile technology is its controlled release properties that seem to be the best choice for increasing efficiency unminimizing environmental damage. Microencapsulation is a micro packaging technique that involves the production of microcapsules which act as barrier walls of solids or liquids. The microcapsules are produced by depositing a thin polymer coating on small solid particles or liquid droplets, or on dispersions of solids in liquids. The core contents are released under controlled conditions to suit a specific purpose. An active ingredient is the substance that may be in a liquid or solid form. It also refers to the core contents, internal phases, encapsulations, payloads or fillers. Wall Shell, A polymer coating that surrounds the active ingredients which may also be called the wall, shell, external phase, membrane or matrix. It may be natural, semi-synthetic or synthetic polymer. The release mechanisms of the core contents vary depending on the selection of wall materials and more importantly, its specific end uses, the relationship between the textiles end uses and their release mechanisms. The core content may be released by friction, pressure, change of temperature, diffusion through the polymer wall, dissolution of the polymer wall coating, biodegradation etc., Microencapsulating Methods, Complex Coacervation, This method takes advantage of the abilities of cationic and anionic water soluble polymers to interact with water, forming a liquid, polymer-rich phase called complex coacervation. When the complex coacervate forms, it will be in equilibrium with a dilute solution called the supernatant. The supernatant acts as the continuous phase, whereas the complex coacervate acts as the dispersed phase. As the water insoluble core materials are dispersed in the system, each droplet or particle of dispersed core material is spontaneously coated with a thin film of coacervate. The liquid film is then solidified to make the capsules harvestable. This method has been applied to encapsulate much water immiscible liquids and is used in a variety of products, Polymer-Polymer Incompatibility, two chemically different polymers dissolved in a common solvent are incompatible and do not mix in the solution. The essential chemicals repel each other and form two distinct liquid phases. One phase is rich in polymer and designed to act as the capsule shell while the other is rich in incompatible polymer. The incompatible polymer is presented in the system to cause the formation of two phases. It is not designed to be part of the final capsule shell, although a small amount may remain entrapped in the final capsule as an impurity. The process is normally carried out in organic solvents and used to encapsulate solids with a finite degree of water solubility. Interfacial Polymerization and in Situ Polymerization, in interfacial polymerization, the capsule shell is formed at or on the surface of a droplet or particle by polymerization of reactive monomers. A multi-functional monomer is dissolved in the liquid core material. The resulting solution is dispersed to a desired drop size in an aqueous phase that contains a dispersing agent. The aqueous core actant, usually a multifunctional amine, is then added to the aqueous phase. A rapid polymerization reaction is then produced at the interface which finally generates the capsule shell. Both the liquid and solid can be encapsulated by interfacial polymerization reactions, but the polymerization chemistry is typically different. For in-situ polymerization, capsule shell formation occurs because of the polymerization of monomers that is added to the encapsulation reactor, similar to interfacial polymerization. However, no reactive agents are added to the core material. Polymerization occurs exclusive in the continuous phase and on the continuous phase side of the interface formed by the dispersed core material and continuous phases. Polymerization of reagents located there produces a relatively low molecular weight prepolymer. As this prepolymer grows, it deposits onto the surface of the dispersed core material being encapsulated, where polymerization with cross linking continues to occur, thereby generating a solid capsule shell. Spray Drying, Spray drying serves as a microencapsulation technique when an active material is dissolved or suspended in a melt or polymer solution and becomes trapped in the dried particle. In the widely used spray drying process, the dried solid is formed by spraying an aqueous solution of the core material and the film forming wall materials as fine droplets into hot air. The water then evaporates, and the dried solid is usually separated by air-separation. This method has been used to encapsulate labile materials because of the brief contact time in the drier. However, one disadvantage of using the spray drying method is that some low boiling point aromatics can be lost during the drying process. Another disadvantage is that the core material may also form on the surface of the capsule, which allows for oxidation and possible scent changes of the encapsulated product. Centrifugal Extrusion, in centrifugal extrusion processes, liquids are encapsulated by using a rotating extrusion head with concentric nozzles. The fluid core material is pumped through a central tube while the liquefied wall material is pumped through a surrounding annular space. A membrane of wall material is formed across a circular orifice at the end of the nozzle and the core material flows into the membrane, causing the extrusion of a rod of material. Droplets break away from the rod and hardening takes places on a passage through a heat exchanger. Solid capsules are removed by filtration or mechanical means and the immiscible carried fluid is reheated and recycled after passing through the files. This process is excellent for forming particles of 400-20001Jm in diameter. Since the drops are formed by the breaking up of a liquid jet, the process is only suitable for liquid or slurry. Air Suspension Coating, In air suspension coating, the particles are coated by dissolved or molten polymers while suspended in an upward-moving air stream. During the process, the solid particles to be encapsulated are first placed in a coating chamber where they are suspended in an air stream, which causes the cyclic flow of particles passing through a nozzle at the chamber bottom. The nozzle sprays a liquid coating phase onto the particle. The freshly coated particles are carried away from the nozzle by air stream and up into the coating chamber. The coating solidifies because of solvent evaporation or cooling of a melt. At the top of the spout, the particles settle back into the bottom of the chamber to repeat the cycle. The cycle is repeated many times during the time frame of a few minutes until the coating has been applied to the desired level of thickness. Air-suspension coating of particles by solutions or melts generally gives better control and flexibility. However, it is commonly used to encapsulate tablets, granules, crystals, and powders. It is not used with liquid unless they are absorbed on a porous solid, Pan Coating, widely used in the pharmaceutical industry, this method is a traditional industrial procedure for forming small, coated particles or tablets. During the pan coating process, the particles are tumbled in a rotating pan or other device while the coating material is applied slowly at a controlled temperature profile. Additional coatings of film-forming polymers may be added in successive stages. Emulsion Hardening Process, Emulsion hardening microencapsulating processes can be achieved when the core compound is highly soluble in the polymer solution (wall). The mixture is emulsified in an immiscible liquid and then the solvent is removed by evaporation, extraction etc. The core compound is solidified inside the polymer solution droplet and thus, forms the microcapsule. One typical example of this process is the production of polylactic acid microcapsule for use in injectable particle systems.

Authors: Sameen Aslam, Tanveer Hussain, Munir Ashraf*, Madeeha Tabassum, Abdur Rehman, Kashif Iqbal, Amjed Javid

the development of functional and sustainable textiles has been the focus of researchers. The functional textiles are those that are developed specifically for an end purpose with added attributes such as self-cleaning, hydrophilicity, antibacterial activity, crease recovery, and super hydrophobicity. The demand of functionality in traditional clothing as well as in home textiles has significantly increased during recent years. The sustainable textiles are the ones which are developed with minimum impact on environment, minimum consumption of energy, and no hazards for wearers. Traditionally, organic compounds have been used to impart functional properties such as triclosan for antibacterial activity, benzophenones for ultraviolet (UV) protection, dimethylol dihydroxy ethylene urea for wrinkle resistance, fluorocarbons for hydrophobicity, long-chain hydrocarbons and polydimethylsiloxanes for softness, etc. Treatment of textiles with these compounds has two fundamental problems. First, one functional property is imparted to textiles in one step, and therefore, the fabric is subjected to multiple finishing steps to impart multifunctional properties; hence, huge amount of energy and time is consumed during processing. Second, some conventional chemicals that are used to impart functionality are toxic and not eco-friendly such as formaldehyde-based cross-linkers that are used to develop wrinkle-free fabrics. The quest to overcome the problems has led to the discovery and application of new materials in textiles. These materials are both inorganic and organic. Although the functional properties of inorganic materials have been known for quite some time, their usage in textiles to impart functionality became possible only after the advent of synthesizing and manipulating them on a nanoscale. For example, zinc oxide (ZnO) and TiO2 have been known for UV protection, self-cleaning, and antibacterial activity for decades, but their usage in textiles was started after manufacturing them into nanostructure. Since then, they have been used to impart antibacterial activity, UV protection, self-cleaning, etc. Many organic compounds, which are eco-friendly, are being used to impart functionalities to textiles.

Authors Nebojša Risti?*, Dragana Markovi? Nikoli?, Aleksandar Zdravkovi?, Aleksandra Mi?i?, Ivanka Risti?

The latest trend in textile industry promotes products with added value that provide additional comfort to users and have a focus on health in terms of use. In that sense, biofunctional and intelligent textile products with different types of applications for improving the lifestyle of the modern consumer stand out. Cosmetic textile is a high-performance textile which represents a fusion of textile material with cosmetics. The main challenges in the manufacture of such products are the selection of products with a cosmetic effect for a particular purpose, storage of agents in the structure of the textile, the rate of release of the agent on the skin and the stability of the agent to the maintenance procedures of textiles and clothing. In everyday life, people are surrounded by some kind of clothing throughout the day, which is why clothing is described as second human skin. The traditional purpose of clothing to protect the human body from external factors and provide comfort in terms of use has been expanded by aesthetic and health factors. Clothing shape and pattern should reflect the spirit of the times in which they are used, and more recently their role in cosmetic areas has been promoted. “Cosmetic textile” is a high performance textile that is a fusion of textile material with cosmetic substances. These are functional fabrics, knitted and non-woven textiles finished with cosmetic ingredients that are released on the skin during wearing. “Cosmetic clothing” can provide a range of benefits some of which could be considered cosmetic, such as skin whitening, wrinkle reduction, hydration, increased energy, relaxation, refreshment, and perfuming. A wide range of cosmetics with different effects is available in the form of creams, oils and powders, etc., but a textile as a medium for achieving a cosmetic effect on the skin is recommended for the following reasons: i) textiles cover a large part of the body most of the day which provides a unique opportunity to transfer cosmetics to body parts; ii) continuous release of small doses of cosmetics can be more effective than a single application of a large quantity of cosmetics. The rise of cosmetic textiles market opens a way for new resources in which consumers can assess their clothes, providing a new way for the development of both cosmetics manufacturers and clothing. Beiersdorf represented skin-shaping shorts with micro-encapsulated coenzyme Q10, which is found in many Nivea creams for skin care. “Cosmetic giant L?oreal has teamed up with Roxy, a fashion sportswear brand, to develop a range of products under the Biotherm brand”. The first product, a neck warmer, which debuted at the end of 2015, helps in skin care when it is exposed to extreme conditions. The product contains microcapsules with anti-inflammatory extracts and vitamin E. Iluminage Beauty, a joint venture of Unilever ventures and Syneron Medical, presented a pillowcase containing fibers with built-in copper oxide. The product is claimed to reduce the appearance of wrinkles and smooth the skin within four weeks. lluminage also offered a mask for rejuvenating the skin around the eyes, which contained patented technology with copper. In its shirt production, Under Armor used technology containing zeolites with antimicrobial properties to aid in controlling body odors. The cosmetic textiles market, which is still in its infancy, is expected to flourish in the next few years, offering numerous opportunities to both clothing and cosmetics manufacturers and retailers selling cosmetics or apparel. Continuous integration of the innovative technologies in garments is accepted by today’s consumers who appreciate efficiency of the products The development and production of cosmetic textiles is not an easy and simple task. The main problems in making such a product with added value are the selection of agents with cosmetic effect for a specific purpose, the storage of agents in the textile structure, the release rate of agents and the stability of agents in the washing process. Applying the techniques of microencapsulation opens the possibility of producing new products with many advantages over the traditional products of the textile industry. The application of active substances in the form of microcapsules on garments gives completely new properties, such as the controlled release of the active substance and increased stability

Authors Romualda Marsza?ek, Barbara Binkowska, Andrzej Sapieja, Teresa Hernik, Bo?enna Marcinowska

The Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants, the Zyrardow branch, responding to the market needs, conducted research on the modification of linen fabrics with preparations containing any of these products: E vitamin, aloe vera, beeswax, extract from natural silk protein, all designed for use in so-called wellness products. E vitamin is one of the water-indissoluble and fat-soluble vitamins. It is a strong antioxidant which retards the process of aging of the body. From the chemical point of view, it is the C29H50O2 – compound, described as ?-Tocopherol. This vitamin has been used in the production of pharmaceuticals and cosmetics for years. In cosmetics it serves as an antioxidant and moisture absorber, thus caring for the skin and enhancing the treatment of various skin diseases. E vitamin is used in cosmetics containing lipids e.g., creams, ointments, emulsions, face and body oils and lipsticks. In the human body E vitamin acts as an important antioxidant i.e. a molecule that neutralizes free radicals, which are metabolites forming during molecular respiration and potentially damaging cell membranes. Natural beeswax is a substance produced by bees. Chemically it is a mixture of organic acids, hydroxyl acids, one or two hydroxyl alcohols, esters and hydrocarbons. It is characterized with antimicrobial, enhancing tissue regeneration, immune- stimulation and a generally positive effect on the whole organism, which is indicated by the general improvement of the physical-mental condition, faster recovery, and toning action in elderly people. Aloe vera L. is a tree plant with flesh of high nutritional value, as it is a rich source of proteins in the form of amino acids. Aloe flesh has antifungal properties, especially sought for after antibiotic treatments. It is also used in the treatment of skin diseases as well as in the cleaning, moistening, and nourishing of skin. Protein extracted from natural silk i.e. soluble hydrolysate of silk proteins is obtained from Bombyx mori silkworms. It exhibits a wide range of molecule mass, starting from free amino acids and finishing with long chain polypeptides, which endows it with both moistening and filmmaking properties. “Wellness” reflects a new philosophy of life. In the textile industry it refers to the functionality of clothing textiles, require have to be comfortable both for the body and soul. The application of fully biodegradable linen raw material for fabric production, a material characterized with moisture absorption, air permeability, and the absence of allergenic factors, combined with modification with the use of health promoting substances led to the production of ‘wellness’ products. Works on the modification of linen fabrics with health promoting preparations that endow the fabrics with the functionalities were carried out with respect to their biodegradation and use properties. The use properties are divided into the following groups: properties that determine durability (tensile strength, resistance to tear, abrasion resistance), aesthetic properties (fastness to change of colour or whiteness, pilling), hygienic properties that determine the comfort of using the clothes. The use comfort (hygienic properties) comprises three elements: sensory, psychological and physiological. Sensory comfort includes sensations perceived in the direct contact of clothing with the skin. Several properties are listed in this category e.g., smoothness, dryness, roughness etc. Psychological comfort implies feelings linked with current fashion. In numerous cases it is fashion that determines whether the user feels comfortable wearing certain types of clothing. Physiological comfort is linked with the microclimate perceived by the user in the layer beneath clothing, especially during physical effort. The groups of properties that affect physiological comfort are referred to as physiological parameters, including air permeability, hygroscopicity, absorbing capacity (the drop method), water vapour permeability, heat insulation, capacity of accumulating electric charge. The combination of these properties constitutes the feeling of comfort in the user.

Authors: Abu Naser Md. Ahsanul Haque

Aloe Vera, till now renowned for human health benefits as well as beauty products, is now proving its prospect as a substantial mordant for natural dyes.There are evidences of dyeing textile materials with natural dyes since historic ages. But some key problems are yet to be solved for their wider use. One of the difficulties is, these dyes are mostly non-substantive and need to be applied on textile materials with the help of mordants. Generally, metal salts of aluminum, iron, copper, chromium or tin are used for mordanting of the fabric to help natural dye gets attached. Potash aluminum sulphate, ferrous sulphate or green vitriol, stannous chloride is well established mordant for the purpose. Meanwhile, these synthetic mordants are not as eco-friendly as the dye is and natural dyeing of fabric hence cannot be considered as ‘green dyeing’ entirely. That’s where Aloe vera can break through and offer the dyeing process to turn into fully green. aloe vera as a mordant for dyeing of turmeric powder on cotton and silk fabric. They also had tried sodium alginate as another mordant, which is also a natural source and generally used as a thickener in textile printing.

Authors: Yusuf Maigari

Color is a very important property of materials around us but we often neglect its study socially and scientifically. We perceive color just as we perceive things like taste, smell, and touch etc. Color can influence our emotions, actions and how we respond to various things, people and ideas. Color is extremely versatile in its uses. It can be used to make a statement, create an atmosphere, or call forth a response. Color expresses outwards towards the world, but it also helps us to travel inwards towards spiritual states, towards our true self. Color provides a vial enhancement to the world in which we live. Everyday materials we use – Textiles, paints, plastics, paper, and foodstuffs – are especially appealing if they are colorful. So, imagine a world where all the materials are black, white, or grey; how will that world look like? Nature too presents a kaleidoscope of colors around our lives, various shades of green in the forest, various colors of flowers around our houses and even the differing color of our skins. Concept of Color: Color is the bye-product of the spectrum of light, as it is reflected or absorbed, as received by the Human eye and processed by the human brain. The world is full of light. Visible light is made of seven wavelength groups. These are the color we see in the rainbow. When light hits an object, some of the wavelengths are absorbed while others reflected, depending on materials in the object. The reflected wavelength is what we see as the object color. Newton’s prism experiment proves to be very helpful in understanding color. Newton realized that colors other than those in the spectral sequence do exist, but he noted that all the colors in the universe which are made by light, and depend not on the power of imagination, are either the colors of homogeneal lights [i.e., spectral colors, or compounded of these. Textile Dyes: Color is obtained in textiles and other materials using colorants (Dyes and pigments). Indigo and alizarin obtained from the tree Tinctoria indigofera and the root of Madder respectively, were used by the ancients for dyeing since the beginning of recorded history. However, from the year 1856 when William Perkin produced Mauviene from simple organic compounds obtained from petroleum and coal tar distillates, the use of these natural pigments was jeopardized. A dye can be referred as a water-soluble colored organic compound that has affinity for the substrate whereas pigments are usually water insoluble. For a compound to be a dye, it must fulfill the following conditions: Must be soluble in aqueous either permanently or during application. Must be intensely colored, must have substantivity (ability to be absorbed by the substrate) or be able to react with the substrate chemically. Must possess reasonable fastness properties. Classification of Textile Dyes: There are various criteria used in the classification of dyes. These include Origin, chemical structure, methods of application, nuclear structure, and industrial classification. However, it should be noted that each class of dye has a unique chemistry, structure, and particular way of bonding. While some textile dyes can react chemically with the substrates forming strong bonds in the process, others can be held by physical forces. Techniques of Dyeing: 1) Bale Dyeing: This is a low-cost method to dye cotton cloth. The material is sent without scouring or singeing, through a cold-water bath where the sized warp has affinity for the dye. Imitation chambray and comparable fabrics are often dyed this way. 2) Batik Dyeing: This is one of the oldest forms known to man. It originated in Java. Portions of the fabric are coated with wax so that only un-waxed areas will take on the dye matter. The operation may be repeated several times and several colors may use for the bizarre effects. Motifs show a melange, mottled or streaked effect, imitated in machine printing. 3) Beam Dyeing: In this method the warp is dyed prior to weaving. It is wound onto a perforated beam and the dye is forced through the perforations thereby saturating the yarn with color. 4) Burl or speck Dyeing: This is done mostly on woolens or worsteds; colored specks and blemishes are covered by the use of special colored links which come in many colors and shades. It is a hand operation. 5) Chain Dyeing: This is used when yarns and cloth are low in tensile strength. Several cuts or pieces of cloth are tacked end-to-end and run through in a continuous chain in the dye color. This method affords high production. 6) Cross Dyeing: This is a very popular method in which varied color effects are obtained in the one dye bath for a cloth which contains fibers with varying affinities for the dye used. For example, a blue dyestuff might give nylon 6 a dark blue shade, nylon 6, 6 a light blue shade, and have no affinity for polyester area unscathed or white. 7) Jigger Dyeing: This is done in a jig, kier, vat, beck, or vessel in an open formation of the goods. The fabric goes from one roller to another through a deep dye bath until the desired shade is achieved. 8) Piece Dyeing: The dyeing of fabrics in the cut, bolt or piece form is called piece dyeing. It follows the weaving of the goods and provides a single color for the material, such as blue serge, a green organdy. 9) Random Dyeing: Coloring only certain designated portions of the yarn. There are three ways of doing this type of coloring. Skeins may be tightly dyed in two or more places and dyed at one side of the dye with one color and at the other side with another one. Color may be printed onto the skeins which are spread out on the blanket fabric of the printing machine. Adsorption of Dye from the Dyebath: Several distinct and identifiable events take place in the dyeing of a textile material. The events are as follows: a) Diffusion in Solution – Dye must move or diffuse through the dyebath to establish contact with the textile material being dyed. b) Adsorption on fiber surface – dye molecules are attracted to the fiber and are initially deposited on the fiber surface. c) Diffusion into the fiber – dye deposited on the surface creates a concentration gradient which is the driving force for movement of dye from the surface towards the interior of the fiber. During diffusion, dye molecules migrate from place to place on the fiber. This migration tends to have a levelling effect on the dye application. Textile dyes which migrate readily are easy to apply uniformly. However, dyes which migrate, and level easily also tends to have poorer wash fastness than dyes which do not level easily. Color Measurement: The color of textile dyes is measured using the spectrophotometer. There are different spectrophotometers for different types of light e.g. Infrared spectrometer, ultraviolet- visible spectrometer etc. but the working principle is almost the same. d) Dissolution of the dye in the dyebath – dyes which are only sparingly soluble in water may have to dissolve from a dispersion of highly aggregated particles to be small enough to diffuse into the fiber. Fastness of Textile Dyes: Color fastness is defined as the resistance of colored materials to fading or running during processing or in subsequent useful life. The term is usually used in the context of clothes. The fading or color running is brought about by Washing, rubbing, action of light, hot pressing and perspiration. Therefore, fastness tests include washing fastness, rubbing fastness, light fastness, fastness to hot pressing and perspiration fastness.

Authors Arunpandian Balaji,a Muthu Vignesh ,Vellayappan,a Agnes Aruna John,a Aruna Priyadarshini Subramanian,a Saravana Kumar Jaganathan,*a M. SelvaKumar,b Ahmad Athif bin Mohd Faudzi,c Eko Supriyantoa and Mustafa Yusof

Aloe vera is noted for its meritable medicinal as well as commercial usages. From the past until now, it has been used as a promising remedy for several ailments. Recently, the concept of nanotechnology has astonishingly changed its outlook for biomedical applications. Nanotechnology has revolutionized several fields with its admirable capabilities and ground-breaking innovations. In the field of medicine, nanostructured materials have introduced a great range of flexibility by refashioning traditional practices and by exploring new effective approaches. Accordingly, the usage of Aloe vera in the form of hydrogels, nanoparticles, nanocomposites, nanofibers, and bio-inspired sponges has extended its well-established application spectrum in the fields of wound healing, tissue engineering and drug delivery. In addition, the growing interest in consuming and synthesizing materials based on green or eco-friendly methods also highly encourages the use of numerous plant-based natural products including Aloe vera. Hence, an effort has been made to discuss the works related to recent advancements made in the use of Aloe vera, especially in the form of biomaterial-based nanostructures. This will encourage scientists to explore the unplumbed abilities of Aloe vera. Moreover, it will also help the industry players to recognize its immense potential and bring significant Aloe products to the market.

Authors: Fatemeh Shahmoradi Ghaheh, Akbar Khoddami, Farzaneh Alihosseini, Jing Su

The use of textiles is common and transversal to all humans. Several types of textiles are used in different situations in life; we all use textiles, both during day life (clothing) and during the night (bed linens). These textiles are designed to have specific functions, namely protection, warmth, and support. Innovative methodologies have been established for the development of biological textiles with extra properties including breathability; texture; antimicrobial, and cosmetic properties. Cosmetotextiles are examples of high-performance textiles representing a fusion of fabric materials with cosmetic active substances. The cosmetic substances are attached to the fabrics, and when they meet the human body and skin, they are transferred from the textile to the skin to reach the specific target. Despite not being accepted as cosmetic products, they are able to impart skincare benefits, fighting ageing, and promote wellness and pleasant feelings. Current cosmetotextiles in the market claim to be moisturizing, cellulite reducing, perfumed, body slimming, energizing, rejuvenating, refreshing, improving the firmness and elasticity of skin, or reducing the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. Vitamin E (also known as ?-tocopherol) is a very antioxidant agent, recognized to shut out hazardous oxygen and applied on textiles for anti-ageing purposes. Microencapsulated vitamin E significantly increases the skin moisture and elasticity, thereby reducing the skin wrinkles and roughness. Despite having numerous advantages, its direct application into textiles is hindered by its low stability to heat and oxygen. Microencapsulation has been devoted as the main technique for the incorporation of active substances into the textiles. It can be achieved by an array of methods in which the release of the active ingredient from the microcapsules occurs following heat, biodegradation, friction, or pressure between the body and fabric during use, breaking the capsules into fragments and releasing the encapsulated active ingredients. Liposomes and polymeric and protein-based nanodevices have been successfully applied as vehicles to entrap and deliver vitamin E. However, vitamin E incorporation into the lipid bilayer of liposomes or inside nanoparticles core is hindered by its lipophilicity and high molecular mass. We recently demonstrated that protein-based nano emulsions can be successfully used for the encapsulation of this lipophilic product. Protein nano emulsions are dispersed in an aqueous medium where the protein remains at the interface covering the oil containing ?-tocopherol. The lipophilic nature of ?-tocopherol ensures that all the initial content introduced is totally encapsulated. The main goal of this work was to develop cosmetotextiles with high-performance properties, namely antioxidant and skin moisture properties. The innovation behind this research is the development of a methodology that allows predicting further transfer behavior of the active substances to other substrates such as textiles and skin. Protein based nanoparticles composed of bovine serum albumin (BSA)/silk fibroin (SF) were previously developed and produced by oil-in-water methodology. Knitted cotton fabrics were coated with the previously developed oil-in-water nanoparticles containing vitamin E by the pad cure method. The effectiveness and durability of the antioxidant properties were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR) to confirm the presence and morphology of the nanoparticles. The durability and transfer ability of the nanoparticles to other supports were assayed by washing and rubbing fastness, respectively. The antioxidant efficiency of vitamin E of coated samples was evaluated by the ABTS-scavenging methodology.

Authors M. A. Akinsanya, J. K. Goh, S. P. Lim, and A. S. Y. Ting

Twenty-nine culturable bacterial endophytes were isolated from surface-sterilized tissues (root, stem and leaf) of Aloe vera and molecularly characterized to 13 genera: Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Enterobacter, Pantoea, Chryseobacterium, Sphingobacterium, Aeromonas, Providencia, Cedecea, Klebsiella, Cronobacter, Macrococcus and Shigella. The dominant genera include Bacillus (20.7%), Pseudomonas (20.7%) and Enterobacter (13.8%). The crude and ethyl acetate fractions of the metabolites of six isolates, species of Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Chryseobacterium and Shigella, have broad spectral antimicrobial activities against pathogenic Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Salmonella Typhimurium, Proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pyogenes and Candida albicans, In addition, 80% of the bacterial endophytes produced 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) with scavenging properties of over 75% when their crude metabolites were compared with ascorbic acid (92%). In conclusion, this study revealed for the first time the endophytic bacteria communities from A. vera (Pseudomonas hibiscicola, Macrococcus caseolyticus, Enterobacter ludwigii, Bacillus anthracis) that produce bioactive compounds with high DPPH scavenging properties (75–88%) and (Bacillus tequilensis, Pseudomonas entomophila, Chryseobacterium indologenes, Bacillus aerophilus) that produce bioactive compounds with antimicrobial activities against bacterial pathogens. Hence, we suggest further investigation and characterization of their bioactive compounds.

Authors ICT in textile and clothing higher education and business.

Textile printing is design and production of patterned textiles, and is based on the exact sciences of physics, chemistry and mechanics, it is a process of unifying creative ideas (designs), colors/dyes (one or more) and textile materials, using dyeing techniques on textile materials but in the given contours of the pattern and with high precision. In textile printing, the interaction between dye or pigment and textile substrate is so complex that even the slightest change in the physical, mechanical, structural or raw material characteristics can lead to significant changes in colour reproduction and print quality, textile printing requires knowledge and skills from several fields (textile technology, rheology, chemistry, physics, mechanical engineering), but also the ability of wider approach and understanding of artistic, aesthetic and creative components of textile printing, The difference between dyeing and printing is that instead of uniformed coloring of the whole surface of the substrate in case of dying process, by printing, a colour is applied only to the target areas, thus introducing various colors, patterns, and designs to the textile fabrics, screen printing machine, smart fabrics, automotive fabric, special effects graphic printing, sportswear, decoration fabric, camouflage uniforms, etc. Using screen printed paste inks the necessary, conductive, resistive, and electroluminescent inks were applied to the fabric.

Authors R Shah, NK JI, N Goswami

In recent years, nanotechnology has emerged as a pioneer in a number of industries. Nanomaterials are intensively investigated in numerous sectors such as food, textile, cosmetics, electronics, medical sciences, energy, construction, and environmental remediation due to their unique physicochemical features compared to bulk materials. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZONPs) are a type of precious metal oxide nanoparticle that has gained a lot of interest recently because of its unique properties such as broad bandgap, catalytic effectiveness, and nontoxic nature. Adsorbents, photocatalysts, antimicrobial agents, drug delivery agents, self-cleaning agents, and semiconductors are all common uses for ZONPs. ZnO is a broad band gap semiconductor with an energy band gap of 3.37 eV. ZnO NPs, which have a higher surface area than other metallic nanoparticles (NPs), which is used in a variety of catalytic applications, because of its antibacterial and antioxidant characteristics. ZnO are being manufactured on a commercial scale for agricultural, skin protection, and aesthetic applications. Physical and chemical approaches for synthesis of ZnONPs, has shown hurdles in terms of environmental toxicity and challenging operating circumstances. For the past few decades, ZnONPs via a plant biomimetic pathway have been used as a green and unique method. The photosynthetic approach for ZnONPs is environmentally friendly and cost-effective, proving its ability to replace chemical and physical routes. Industrial dye effluents in wastewater are a major environmental concern. Crystal Violet, Acridine Orange and Sudan IV are examples of commercial dyes with wide-ranging applications in the textile, paper, and pharmaceutical industries. It is vital that the dye be removed completely before the waters enter the aquatic bodies, as the dye causes serious ecological and health risks. The breakdown of dyes in industrial wastewaters has received a lot of interest due to their huge production volume, slow biodegradation, low decolorization, and high toxicity. Therefore, the current study is focused on the (1) fabrication of ZONPs by using Aloe barbadensis Miller characterization, Photocatalytic ability to decolorize a model pollutant—Acridine Orange, Crystal Violet and Sudan IV dyes in the presence of Ultraviolet irradiation. The effects of different operational parameters as pH and catalytic dosage on the decoloration of dyes. he capacity of Biogenically synthesized ZnO nanoparticles for removal of commercial dyes was examined in this paper where optimization of pH, Dosage plays significant role where Sudan IV dye decoloration was more efficient in acidic pH 3 and that for Crystal Violet and Acridine Orange was in alkaline medium pH 9. The synthesis process was found to be important in the development of ZnO with particle sizes of 30-50 nm, respectively. It was found that biogenic ZnO has a spherical irregular morphology. Whereas, the higher weight percentage of Zn and O and traces of Na, Ca, Mg in EDAX analysis confirms the presence of biogenic ZnO. Under UV light, this biogenic catalyst derived from aloe extract was able to totally decolorize the dye in 4 hours. When compared to Sudan IV, the decolorization in Acridine Orange and Crystal Violet was twice as quick. The data are accurately represented by the Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms, revealing that adsorption by the adsorbent is favorable. Biogenic ZnO has substantial promise as an adsorbent for the removal of organic dyes, according to the findings, and can be employed commercially as an adsorbent due to its environmental friendliness.

Authors M. M. Cowan

The use of and search for drugs and dietary supplements derived from plants have accelerated in recent years. While 25 to 50% of current pharmaceuticals are derived from plants, none are used as antimicrobials. Plants are rich in a wide variety of secondary metabolites, such as tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids, and flavonoids, which have been found in vitro to have antimicrobial properties. Plants have an almost limitless ability to synthesize aromatic substances, most of which are phenols or their oxygen-substituted derivatives, In many cases, these substances serve as plant defense mechanisms against predation by microorganisms, insects, and herbivores. Some, such as terpenoids, give plants their odors; others (quinones and tannins) are responsible for plant pigment.

Authors Chaudhary, H. and Singh, V.,

Printing is a form of dyeing in which colors are applied to specified regions instead of the entire fabric. To restrict the coloring matter to the design area, the dyes and other auxiliaries are pasted with a natural or synthetic thickening agent. Finding alternatives to the used thickeners has gained importance lately due to the several limitations associated with toxicity, availability, and cost of the currently used thickeners. Tamarind kernel powder has the potential to be explored as a textile thickener whilst providing economic benefits. Tamarind kernel, derived from the seeds of Tamarindus indica Linn., is a byproduct of the tamarind fruit and pulp industry. It is a low cost, non-toxic, biodegradable, cold water soluble thickener.

Authors Zubia Anwer, Abdul Rauf Jamali, Waseem Khan, Jahanzeb Bhatti, Faheem Akhter & Madhia Batool

The synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles has gained much attention due to its wide range of applications in the field of industrial, chemical, and biological applications. These metallic nanoparticles have been developed for azo-dye removal, but they are limited for ecofriendly and cost-effective processes. The main objective of this study is to focus on the synthesis of Fe2O3-nanoparticles by green route followed by its application in the dye removal process from wastewater. In this approach, the active iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3-NPs) were produced successfully using Camellia sinensis and Aloe barbadensis leaf extract. The prepared nanoparticles were characterized using SEM, XRD, FTIR, and UV–Vis spectroscopy, As per results, the NPs effectively degraded both the azo-dyes from the aqueous solution with 70–80% removal efficiency in 40–45 min under optimum conditions. Moreover, the color change in the solution indicated the formation of Fe2O3-NPs. The absorption peak was observed at 275 nm and 270 nm for Aloe barbadensis leaf extract and Camellia sinensis extract, respectively. The FTIR peak at 553.63 cm?1 indicates the presence of Fe2O3 NPs along with other peaks at 2853.3 cm?1 for O–H stretching in carboxylic acid; at 3404 cm?1 due to the O–H group present in the extract, broad peak of 3406 cm?1 shows –OH group of carbohydrates and phenols along with a peak at 2891 cm?1 for asymmetrical and symmetrical C-H stretching. The results of XRD and SEM indicate the homogeneity, shape, and size of NPs, which were spherical and cubic. The size of the particles ranged between 80 and 100 nm for both types of NPs prepared using the extracts. The Langmuir and Elovich isotherms were used to analyze adsorption behavior. The pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic approaches were used and found satisfactory for both approaches.

Authors AKR Choudhury

Conventional chemical processes based on fossil fuels are unsustainable. Green reactions are sustainable, more efficient (fewer steps, fewer resources, less waste), easier to use (stable under ambient conditions), Eco-friendly (non-hazardous solvents and less hazardous waste), textile industry is considered as the most ecologically harmful industry in the world. Recently several steps have been taken to make textile processing greener. These include use of greener fibre, greener dyes and auxiliaries, greener solvents, Eco-friendly, optimized, and efficient processing, bioprocessing, recycling of textile, water and chemicals and elimination of hazardous chemicals, Aloe vera is considered of Functional synthetic finish (Bees wax, aloe vera and Vitamin A)

Authors José Alexandre Borges Valle, Rita de Cássia Siqueira Curto Valle, Andrea Cristiane Krause Bierhalz, Fabricio Maestá Bezerra, Arianne Lopez Hernandez,

Biopolymeric chitosan is considered a promising encapsulating agent for textile applications due to its biocompatibility, lack of toxicity, antibacterial activity, high availability, and low cost. After cellulose, it is nature’s most important organic compound. Also, chitosan has unique chemical properties due to its cationic charge in solution. Microencapsulation technologies play an important role in protecting the trapped material and in the durability of the effect, controlling the release rate, The application of chitosan microcapsules in textiles follows the current interest of industries in functionalization technologies that give different properties to products, such as aroma finish, insect repellency, antimicrobial activity, and thermal comfort. In this sense, methods of coacervation, ionic gelation, and LBL are presented to produce chitosan-based microcapsules and methods of textile finishing that incorporate them are presented, bath exhaustion, filling, dry drying cure, spraying, immersion, and grafting chemical. Bio-based polymers have emerged as a potent solution to replace petroleum-based polymeric materials and reduce dependence on the crude oil reserve. Besides, many of the existing bio-based polymers can be biodegradable; in particular, natural bio-based polymers, among which there are the polysaccharides. Polysaccharides are highly available and have a low cost, in addition to having excellent properties, such as biodegradability, nontoxicity, and good biocompatibility. There is a diversity of polysaccharides, widely used in different areas of knowledge, being cellulose and chitosan (CH) the most common on earth. CH, fully or partially deacetylated form of chitin deriving of organisms such as fungi, crustaceans and wasp (Black Soldier Fly—Hermetia illucens), has the advantages of to be a nontoxic, rich and wide variety of sources, low cost, easy film formation, good biocompatibility, and enzymatically biodegradable. In addition, many studies seek to improve its solubility and antimicrobial capacity (quaternization and carboxylation) through changes in the structure and addition of compounds to it, maintaining its original biodegradability and biosafety, causing the amount of research to only increase. Much attention also has been given for the use of CH as polymer shell of the microcapsules and also as matrices, conform de Arruda et al. these matrices present features that can be used in the delivery of bioactive compounds, for example.5 As shell can be application on textile substrates. Textile fibers are mostly anionic and CH for being the only cationic polymer already has an ionic affinity. In general, the microcapsule consists of a functional barrier between the core (solids, liquids or gasses compounds, or a mixture of these) and the wall material to avoid chemical and physical reactions and to maintain the biological, functional, and physicochemical properties of the core materials. Today, there are many kinds of microencapsulation processes: emulsification, spray-drying, coaxial electrospray system, freeze-drying, coacervation, in situ polymerization, extrusion, fluidized-bed-coating, and supercritical fluid technology. There is a lot of research working with this theme, due, among other reasons, microencapsulation technique versatility to be applied in a wide range of fields. Some areas that it was detected the microcapsule using: perfume, cosmetic, and personal care, food, pharmaceutical and medicinal treatment, Pest and insect repellency, environmental recovery, construction, and textile. Textile materials have permeated areas beyond the traditional use for dressing people and homes. The cited studies can be adjusted to incorporate CH microcapsules to textiles to provide special characteristics as extra protection in adverse environmental, comfort, specific resistances, beauty, and so on. The new attributes change the performance, demands of consumers, and expand the industrial competitiveness. There are many manners to convert normal textile into one with functional proprieties, the advances in polymer science support the increment of the use of coatings. In this context, microencapsulation is a commercially successful technology for functional textile coatings, mainly for drug delivery, as well as in uses in civil construction, containment of barriers, hospitals, as a carrier for cosmetics, and so on. The active principle or core of the capsule is the substance that wishes to encapsulate. Generally, the active compounds are chemically unstable and susceptible to degradation, particularly when exposed to oxygen, light, moisture, heat, and pH variations or it has some features, as fast release, low solubility, poor bioavailability, high volatility, and some toxicity that is interesting to change in the medium. The shell is the most effective approach to improve stability is to form a barrier between the active principle and the external environment. Then, the wall, shell, or encapsulating agent, of the microcapsule, in addition to the structuring function, serves to protect and isolate the compound from the external environment. It is desirable that they shall materially has no reactivity with the active ingredient, be inexpensive, and show consistent properties during storage. Depending on the kind of wall material and its inherent characteristics, the compound is released from the wall material via various mechanisms such as swelling, dissolution, or degradation. Depending on the rate of these mechanisms, release can occur over various periods. Different materials can be selected from synthetic or natural polymers, as waxes and lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, gums, and other polymers classes. The choice of wall materials depends upon several factors including expected product objectives and requirements; nature of the core material; the process of encapsulation; economics and whether the coating material appropriated for de use. Crosslinkers are compounds applied to improve the physical properties and stability of the microcapsules and efficiency of encapsulation. However, crosslinkers are also used for the connection of the microcapsules with the textile substrate. Some cross-linking agents used for microcapsules are; Tripolyphosphate (TPP), glutaraldehyde, genipin, transglutaminase, tannic acid, urea, and so on, and for the connection between the capsules and the textile, citric acid (CA), and 1, 2, 3, 4-butanetetracarboxylic are employed. Finally, there are surfactants widely used in the preparation of microcapsules that present amphiphilic behavior, which are Tween (8, 20, 40, and 80), Span (20, 80, and 85), SDS, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPN), lutensol, and so on. In the system, surfactants, when used, produce micelles, which are supramolecular arrangements possessing a hydrophobic central core and a hydrophilic crown. The entropy reduction with thermodynamically unfavorable interactions between the lipophilic surfactant tails and water molecules causes the self-assembly in larger molecular organizations when the surfactant concentration exceeds the “critical micelle concentration.”21 The surfactant can control the particle size and agglomeration,28 also it helps to reduce molecular interactions of chemical groups in the particle surface (van der Waals, hydrogen bonding, or hydrophobic interactions). In the sequence of construction of the articles, it is presented a series of capsule formation processes. The processes most presented in the literature are complex coacervation, ionic gelation, layer-by-layer (LBL), emulsification, spray drying, and so on. Once the active ingredient is encapsulated, it is necessary to characterize the microcapsule. The analyzes that are performed refer to the material of the wall and the nucleus of the microcapsule, these analyzes are: particle size, morphology, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, surface property, zeta potential, differential scanning calorimetry, permeability, transmission electron microscopy, viscosity, and so on with the purpose of determining particle size and morphology, state of aggregation of molecules, surface isoelectric points, functional groups, thermal stability, among others. And the last step is how to apply to the textile substrate. The most popular methods of application are bath exhaustion, padding, pad-dry-curing, spraying, dipping and chemical grafting, and so on. Regarding the textile application of microcapsules, there are many purposes for them, for example, antimicrobial, antioxidant, UV-protection, insect repellent, cosmetic, medical, thermal regulation, and so on.

Authors Hamdy, A.G. Hassabo, H. Othman.

As a major component of textile printing pastes, thickener was used. They have a high molecular weight, a high viscosity, a strong handling, long hydration time compatible with other components of printing pulp and they are colorless. You impart plasticity and adhesiveness to the printed paste such that patterns without bleeding are introduced. Printing pastes primarily have the purpose to hold, attach and move the teat onto the targeted cloth. Various well-known natural and synthetic thickeners were present. Natural thickeners are preferred to synthetic thickeners as they are comparatively cheap, easily available, and non-irritant in nature. Natural products are also generally non-polluting renewable sources for sustainable supply. Synthetic thickeners have certain disadvantages such as high cost, toxicity, and result in environmental pollution. natural thickeners printing Tamarind Kernel Thickener Aloe Vera gel. Gum Karaya Alginates

Authors Ghada A.Elsayeda, Mariam Diaaa, Hanan A. Othmana and Ahmed G. Hassabob

Recently, the use of natural materials in textile manufacturing processes was of great importance. Among the natural materials that received great importance was the Aloe Vera plant, as it enters all stages of textile manufacturing from the first stage to the end because of its very important and beneficial impact on this type of industry. Where it is used as UV protection, Antioxidant, Anti-microbial, and also in the dyeing and printing process. The textile industry strives constantly for new manufacturing techniques to increase product quality and the environmental development of these products is also significant. Apart from the conventional dressing feature. Textiles now provide safety and warmth in hazardous conditions. Barrier efficiency and thermos physiological comfort are the most critical conditions for protective wear. Textile finishing is applied for the conversion into a technically useful textile of a textile fiber. Finishing is typically done in the textile industry in the final phase of textile production and the textiles acquire some useful properties. It is widely conceived that the final uses of technical textiles will continue to increase every year, as there are two types of finishing namely (a) using chemical materials and (b) using natural materials, but chemical finishing results in a lot of damage and waste harmful to the environment, so bio-finishing has been reported. Aloe Vera Gel has become a biotechnology potential in the textile industry. Aloe Vera is used in the initial operations of preparing textiles and that’s because Aloe Vera is suited for this form of pretreatment as it contains a variety of enzymes, sodium, and gum that are important to the processing of textile wet. As when Desizing process using Aloe Vera gel instead of inorganic chemicals. Aloe gel contains many important enzymes and organic components like peroxidase, carboxypeptidase, amylase, and alkaline phosphatase. The aloe gel showed excellent results for desizing with controlled temperature and pH. First of all, Aloe Vera’s active enzyme joins the substrate and forms chemical bonds to the substratum. The enzyme acts as a catalyst and constitutes an unstable medium compound with the substrate, known by the ‘lock and key’ mechanism as an enzyme substrates complex. The catalyst subsequently weakened the relations between the substrate and the materials of size. Therefore, the layer was isolated from the sizing. Dyeing, in addition to the use of Aloe Vera in the textiles pretreatment process, it is also used in the textile dyeing process. Aloe Vera consists of salt, acid, enzymes, and all of the necessary ingredients for the operation of dyeing. Aloe Vera gel was used in a reactive dyeing process instead of salt. Depending on the various amounts of aloe gel used, the cloth produced different shade depths. In the dyeing wash, 100% Aloe gel was treated to provide an outstanding shade depth. However, lower Aloe Vera gel concentrations showed more dull colors. The fabric had a medium and dull shade depth at 80% and 60% concentrations of Aloe Vera during dyeing. These outcomes are clarified by the fact that a high Aloe Vera concentration produces more salt than dye. This higher content of salt increases color depth. The use of Aloe gel, however, did not harm the fabric wash pace, the strength of tearing, or drapability. Aloe Vera gel is also a natural coloring agent and mordant agent. The leaves can be easily applied to protein-cationic fibers like silk and wool, due to their functional amino group in an acidic medium. for dyeing cotton fiber, however, because cotton contains an anionic group. Printing, In the printing process, Aloe Vera gel is used as a thickener in reactive and pigment printing. The water-soluble Aloe Vera gel includes polysaccharide and polymerase and is one of the cheapest forms of a natural thickener. Aloe Vera gel was recently used as a thickener because of the thickening quality of the polysaccharide. The gel showed positive results in the 30%-40% Aloe Gel and 2% binder Concentration used in printing as a thickener. When Aloe gel and synthetic thickener were applied to fabric for printing, the gel showed similar results to the synthetic in wash fastness and colorfastness. Aloe Vera gel can be easily prepared and preserved as a printing paste. Aloe gel is environmentally sustainable, economically affordable (anywhere it is found),and easy to cultivate. The textiles were of low viscosity and poor sharpness when Aloe Vera was applied to the textile. The processed textile, however, exhibited high viscosity and high sharpness when mixed with sodium alginate, which contained 50% gel and chemical concentrations, the use of Aloe Vera gel as the thickener for prints on cotton cloth with reactive dye. They spread Aloe gel on cotton fabric as a thickener and got excellent washability and lightweight. Finishing, Antimicrobial properties, Lately, there was strong attention in scientific research on the antimicrobial finish of textile materials. Most material transfer of microorganism infections is generally occurring. The deterioration of bacteria typically leads to the damage of several beneficial characteristics of textiles. Antimicrobial coatings that can be used with microencapsulation can solve this issue. This effect is particularly useful for medical and technical fabrics. Microorganisms can be realized “nearly all over the environment and speedily expand once essential needs like humidity, nutrients, and temp are found. Microorganisms are generated by diseased ones throughout hospitals. Microorganisms can also be transported, and pathogen expanded in hospitals, surgical robes and masks, operational head ware and footwear, operating clothes, bedsheets, towels and the garments of all people in the hospital Fabrics of anti-microbial characteristics are necessary for all these conditions. Due to its large hydrophobicity, most synthetic fibers are more resistant than natural fibers to threats by microorganisms. Keratinous fiber and cotton carbohydrates proteins may, under certain situations, behave as nutrients and energy sources. Soils, dust, sweat solutes, and certain textile finishes can also provide microorganisms with nutrient sources. These micro-organisms are the cause of discoloration, fiber destroys, annoying smell, and the quietly slimy feel. These are also problems in textile. If the fabric is used next to the skin, a microbial infestation causes pathogens and developmental odor cross-infection. As a side effect of a microbial attack, the performance characteristics of cotton are destroyed. A huge range of people can benefit from antimicrobial material. The growth and negative influence of microorganisms such as odor, stain, and deterioration, is destroyed by an antimicrobial agent. Antimicrobial agents for the control of bacteria, fungi, mold, mildew, and algae are also used for fabrics. The textile can be given antibacterial compounds by various chemical, physical or physiological methods during the phase of fiber formation or attractive finishing point, based on the composition, fiber nature, chemistry, fiber composition, and surface of the fiber. There are two types of antimicrobial textiles: Leaching Antimicrobial Textiles: The antibacterial textiles that function with the regulated releasing technique are named antibacterial leaching textiles that gently leak biocides to their surroundings to destroy the microorganisms. On-leaching or Bounded Antimicrobial Textiles: Antibacterial textiles that do not leach or contact kill, can kill the microorganisms only when they have contacted a material since these fabrics have organic polycationic chemically bound materials via covalent linkage directly or via cross-linking and do not release biocides into their outer environment. Direct pad-dry-and-cure, spraying, coating, and foaming are used for many antimicrobial agents. Herbal antibacterial compounds are mostly used to obtain more apparent results during textile production and at the final level. The rising market of herbal products has resulted in the development of textile healthcare materials in latest years Many plants have been known for their antibacterial behaviors, selection, and screening. In medical and healthcare uses, textiles (woven, nonwoven, knitted, and composites) are used differently. Various items must fulfill requirements for individual end-use performance according to the individual end-user application. Aloe Vera is an organic herb whose anti-microbial behavior affects different microorganisms. Anti-bacterial and antifungal characteristics of Aloe Vera extract can depend on the acemannan, anthraquinones, and salicylic acid ingredients. Furthermore, textiles covered with Aloe Vera infused nanoparticles with increased washing durability and antibacterial activity were made. The treated tissue demonstrated antibacterial activity, with gram-positive (S. aureus) and gram-negative (E. coli) behavior. The bacterial reductions in the finished cloth of Aloe Vera differed at Aloe Vera concentrations, Ultraviolet protection In recently, the necessity of sunlight protection has been widely known to users, there is connected to skin harm caused by sunlight and its association with higher UV radiation exposes UV light can cause rapid and urgent responses and harm, including skin wrinkling and sunburn. The skin color relies on the combined amounts of melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin. This amount of melanin in the skin affects its beauty or blackness, between several characteristics, and impacts human color, Melanin also acts a significant part in the reduction of harm caused by UV radiation mostly in the skin. Massive quantities of sunlight can cause several issues including aging, skin burning, pigmentation, harm to the eye, Damage to DNA, tumor of the skin, etcetera. The sun’s energy consists of around 10 percent as UV radiation. Regarding adverse impacts on plants and people; In sections of UV-A (320–400 nm), UV-B (280–320 nm), and UV-C (<280 nm), ultra-violet light less than 400 nm has been categorized ; UVC has 100% absorption of ozone and atmosphere; The ozone layer absorbs UVB; while the ozone layer does not absorb UVA. UVC radiation in comparison with UVB and UVA is the most potent. The least potent radiation is UVA. Sun protection items like sunscreen, sun protection materials, etc., and ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) that is added to textile items are used to avoid these sorts of damages via Ultraviolet radiation. The efficiency of the ultraviolet protection element of textile is defined (UPF values). Higher values of UPF show better degrees of safety. UPF relies on several elements such as textile color that is strongly attached to the finishing agent quantity. Almost everyone wants to gain textile materials that can guard us against UV radiation. A largely recent aim of textile finishing is to guard the skin against the effects of sun radiation, as cloth does not always provide effective protection Special protection qualities of textiles versus various impacts are more attractive. The usage of Aloe Vera gel for different purposes has achieved importance in recent decades. This gel is an antibacterial, laxative, and UV radiation protective ingredient antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunological stimulant. The modified cotton textiles Aloe anthraquinone-treated have proven to be effective protective against the ultraviolets and the quantity of the UV transmission of the modified material is extremely low in comparison to the untreated material. Bonded onto the surface of the cloth, the Aloe-anthraquinone may capture UV light fully. Aloe-anthraquinone-modified material had a UV protection factor (UPF) of around 57, but the untreated fabric had a UPF value of around 14. The highest transmission effect was obtained for bleached tissue. Realize: the higher the value of UV transmission the bigger the risk for health. This shows that Aloe Vera-treated material has a better UV-protection ability than bleached material. Aloe Vera polyphenols can aid secure and absorb UV rays. The fundamental UV absorption components were polyphenols in Aloe extracts. It has been thought that Aloe gel modulates the skin by avoiding UVB sunlight sensitization, particularly within the first 24 hours after exposure. Antioxidant properties, Oxidation is a chemical activity capable of generating reactive oxygen compounds or liberated radicals that may result in chain events that harm genetics, speed up aging and increase the risk of carcinoma in people. A free radical is an atom with at least one electron which has no pairs. Throughout regular metabolic, free radicals are generated as a byproduct, besides by pollution, smoking, radiation, air pollution, alcohol intake, toxins, high blood sugar standard. Antioxidant substances are efficient oxidative harm protectors versus liberated radicals and are suitable for usage in textile, packaging, cosmetic, and preservation fields. Several antioxidant compounds are found in nature to prevent the consequences of ROS (reactive oxygen species). Phenol substances can positively capture or scavenge liberated radiometals through several combined interactions using antioxidant enzymes. The plenty of the whole phenolic OH in Aloe Vera extract subscribes to its antioxidant activity. Aqueous debrief, of Aloe Vera includes many antioxidant ingredients: phenols, flavonoids, ascorbic acid, ?-carotene, and ?- tocopherol. The bioactivity in Aloe Vera gel in terms of the anti-oxidant ability is validated. The free radical reducing abilities are provided by the phenolic component and acetylated polysaccharides found in the gel. Cosmetic Textiles, Textiles may have skincare characteristics; they are known as cosmetics. The most important cosmetic elements for cosmetics come from inorganic, synthetic, and animal chemicals, animal derivatives like, plant products. Cosmeto textiles are divided into three main groups according to their effects on the human body the grafting technique of the fabrics and the type of textiles utilized. These are split into cosmetic products that minimize, moisturize, energies, perfume, refresh and relax, revitalize, prevent UV and improve skin firmness and elasticity different extracts from different natural sources are encapsulated inside the polymer walls, which, owing to friction, pressure, and temperature, breaks into touch with the human skin, effectively liberating the active ingredients into the skin, giving the desired effect. One method is to use the process of microencapsulation to create cosmetic textiles. A large series of micro capsulated elements including Aloe Vera, vitamin E, retinol, and caffeine presently have been reported to give moisturizing, firming, or slimming advantages. The Aloe Vera oil, a common skincare component in almost all cosmetics applications makes the material biofunctional, Merging the energetic ingredient’s pharmacological qualities with textiles, offering advantages for the consumer’s body. On communication with such form of Cosmo textile, moisturizing chemicals can be transmitted from the materials moisturize the stratum corneum of skins. Mostly in the United States and Europe for moisturizing advantages, for instance, socks and legwear carrying vitamin C or Aloe Vera gelatin sacs were applied Dogi Global Fabrics has started a range of smart fabrics using Aloe Vera nanoparticles for cosmetic textiles that offer moistures, calms, antioxidants, and anti-aging effects. for cosmetic textile usage. Curative textiles, Lately, much focus has been paid to curative clothing since it has no side effects and is not harmful or environmentally safe All oral medicinal products and ointments have an adverse impact but on the other hand. Various natural herbal extracts are now employed for developing curative clothing. Used as healing clothes is a successful therapy for several skin conditions such as bacteria, inflammatory illness of the skin, seasonal skin disease, hives, and eczema scientists worked on the treating of atopic dermatitis by Aloe Vera with enhanced curative clothing. A T-shirt and pajamas were produced to heal erythematic skin diseases by 20% and 40%. Aloe Vera gel, the healing apparel was utilized once a week while sleeping for ten hours. Researchers have been working on the micro capsulation of therapeutic finished provided by Aloe Vera. Aloe Vera herb Extraction was used as the inner substance and acacia gum being the capsule’s shell material for the production of microcapsules. The microencapsulated extracts of Aloe Vera showed a high level of antimicrobial agents. An individual jersey-cut fabric with a pad-dry-curing method was used for the microencapsulation of Aloe Vera. The clothing was constructed of this fabric encapsulated . Tests from field trials demonstrated that the treatment of inflammatory skin conditions supplemented with Aloe Vera was excellent. Physical properties of treated fabrics, When Aloe Vera is used to developing its physical properties, such as the crease recovery angle, length of the bending, the coefficient of the drape, and the change in strength. In comparison with untreated fabric, the Aloe Vera finished cloth showed a higher crease recovery angle, a greater bending length, and a poor whiteness index. The bending of the tissue treated with Aloe Vera diminishes as stiffness but softness increases. The static and dynamic fusion coefficient also increases despite the minor drop in the whiteness index. The modified textiles of the aloe anthraquinone showed a better recovery angle, but the breaking strength was reduced significantly. Compared to the control sample, the moisture adsorption remained nearly unaltered, when evaluating the physical properties of Aloe Vera treated textiles, the whiteness index, air permeability, and tensile strength dropped whereas the permeability of water vapor and the crease recovery angle. Meanwhile, the Aloe Vera treatment has had no damaging effect on the abrasion resistance of finished cloth but somewhat less heat conductivity. After the treatment of cotton by Aloe Vera, crease recovery and abrasion resistance increased, but moisture recovery reduced in comparison to the control fabric, breaking strength, and flexural stiffness. The coefficient of the drape of printed material processed by Aloe Vera reduced and softer the fabric. Compared to control cotton, the air strength of the Aloe Vera-treated textile was increased. The decrease in air permeability was possibly due to the impregnation of cotton fabric with microcapsules. Closing the space between strands would be coated microcapsules. Airflow, therefore, didn’t travel through the tissue readily. In addition, the treatment reduced the whiteness of the cloth by 4%.

Authors: Ahmed G. Hassabo a*, Mai Abd El-Aty b and Hanan A. Othman b

Thickeners are high molecular weight chemicals that give thick pastes in water and are utilized in textile printing. These give the printing paste stickiness and plasticity, allowing it to be applied to a fabric surface without spreading and keep the pattern outlines even under strong pressure. Their primary role is to keep or adhere dye particles in the desired location on the fabric until the dye transfer and fixing are complete. Because the printing paste is applied by squeegee pressure to a roller or a screen, its viscosity must be high enough to avoid quick diffusion or flushing of the colour through the fabric, which would result in the poor print definition. Or mark. Furthermore, the thickener should provide a consistent paste viscosity, allowing for a uniform and controlled flow across the screen. The shade (depth) of the printed cloth changes if the viscosity changes during the run. The viscosity stability must not only be stable at the time the printed fabric is on the machine, but it must also be stable throughout weeks or months of storage. Characteristics of thickeners, a) simplicity and ease of preparation, Detachment from the fabric’s surface. c) Low cost and easy to obtain, d) Easy to remove after drying by washing, e) Printing paste distribution is homogeneous, f) suitable for Printing styles and techniques, g) The type of fabric that was used, h)Printing ingredient compatibility and stability, including dyes and auxiliaries, i) Create sharp outlines that don›t bleed or spread, j) Good mechanical qualities to keep the dry film from dusting, k) Good colour yield due to good diffusion, l) Absorption of condensed water is good, ensuring that dye and water have enough space. The different kinds of thickeners, The main types of thickeners based on the natural and synthetic polymers used are: (Natural thickeners, Modified natural thickeners, Synthetic thickeners).

Authors Han, J., Liu, L., Fan, Z., Zhang, Z., Yang, S. and Tang, Y.,

Consumers’ rising demands for functional fabrics have led to the burgeoning of a revolutionary type of “cosmetotextiles”, which are textile products containing various cosmetic active ingredients for energizing, skincare, and beautifying. Phytochemicals and/or novel formulations are required for both product development and customer attraction. Encapsulation and grafting/coating technologies have provided these cosmetic ingredients with effective stabilization, sustained dermal delivery and prolonged dermo cosmetic efficiency, Cosmetotextiles are defined as textiles that release active ingredients at regular time intervals when in contact with the human body by the Textile Industry and Clothing Standards Agency. The development of cosmetotextiles dates to the late 80’s where a Japanese company (Tejin Co. Ltd) manufactured and’ by incorporating the amino acid arginine in the fabric for skin rejuvenation efficiency. Besides functional clothing, cosmetotextiles are also emerging as a new type of pharmaceutical/cosmetic carrier (e.g. hydrogels, facial masks and healing patches) in medicinal and beautifying products. Cosmetic Ingredients Tailored for Cosmetotextile Application. A large number of cosmetic ingredients, including minerals, synthetic chemicals, animal and plant derivatives, have been successfully grafted onto cosmetotextiles. Encapsulation has been employed as the main technique for stabilizing natural cosmetic ingredients into the textiles by which the release of active ingredients from capsules occurs following heat, biodegradation, friction, or pressure between the body and fabric during use. This section summarizes the most popular cosmetic ingredients used in cosmetotextiles. Chitosan, Chitosan is a N-deacetylated derivative of chitin isolated from crustaceans with good antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Chitosan has wide application in functional clothing, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals due to its ability to improve skin texture and hydration, stabilize sensitive ingredients and promote cell regeneration. The presence of abundant amine groups makes chitosan a biocompatible polymeric material ideal for encapsulation. For example, Cognis, a German textile company, has developed a cosmetic textile finish, Skintex®, wherein the active ingredients are encapsulated in chitosan based cosmetic microcapsules. The microcapsules can be embedded onto the fabric for products of different efficacy, including moisturizing, cooling, energizing, relaxing, antiheavy legs and mosquito repellent benefits. Release of the active ingredients can be triggered by the gentle friction created between the microcapsules and the skin during routine use, or biodegradation of chitosan membrane by skin enzymes. Despite all the benefits, the aqueous solubility of chitosan limited its application in skin delivery of lipophilic compounds. Hyaluronic acid (HA), HA is a natural linear polysaccharide that has been used extensively in cosmetic products to improve skin elasticity, turgor, and moisture by acting as a sponge in the skin to retain water. Meryl® Hyaluronan, an anti-ageing cloth patented by Nylstar was developed by incorporating HA-loaded nanoparticles in the spinning process. Medline Industries, Inc. developed Hyalomatrix®, a 3D HYAFF® (HA ester) matrix, for wound healing. The 3D scaffold facilitated an ordered reconstruction of the dermal tissues. However, the clinical application of pure HA may be limited by its rapid enzymatic degradation at physiological conditions. To overcome this limitation, studies have been conducted to use covalent cross-linking of HA with polysaccharides with a slower degradation rate under the action of hyaluronidase. In a recent study, HA grafted pullulan polymers were prepared by one step esterification and demonstrated high swelling ratio and a relatively quick hemostasis ability, making it a promising wound healing dressing. Essential oils, Essential oils are volatile compounds extracted from the flowers, seeds, leaves and barks of various aroma plants. Essential oils have wide applications in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. For cosmetotextile application, essential oils of pleasant smells or cosmetic efficiencies such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, and moisturizing and cell rejuvenation are the most frequently employed functional ingredients. For example, lavender oils are favored in the manufacture of pillow fabrics because of its pleasant aroma smell and antimicrobial property. Men’s slimming cloth launched by the fashion brand Legends & Heroes under the brand Ript Skinz was infused with a skincare formula containing time-released microcapsules enriched with vitamin E, caffeine, retinol and essential oils extracted from apricot kernel (Prunus armeniaca)and rose hip (Rosa acicularis Lindl) After ever 10 washes, the garment can be re-sprayed with the formula again for continued use. Recently, essential oils have been more reported in encapsulated systems, such as micro-/nano-sized capsules, to overcome their poor thermal stability as well as to improve sustainability during ordinary washing processes. Peptides, Peptides exist in vivo as amino acid polymers and function in the skin only for a short period of time before decomposing into amino acids. Peptides can be subgrouped into three types (signal peptide, carrier peptides and neuro-transmitter inhibiting peptides) depending on the mechanism of action in vivo. Peptides are widely used in cosmetics however the types used in cosmetotextiles is limited to copper peptide, collagen peptide, and acetyl hexapeptide-3. Peptides have many functions as cosmetic ingredients including skin moisturizing, firming and elasticity-promotion, anti-wrinkle etc. Lipotec, spain, marketed an anti-wrinkle cosmetotextile containing hexapeptide (acetyl hexapeptide-3) under the name of Argireline. Argireline nanoparticles have also been used to manufacture antiageing facial mask s, including Sugar-based Frosting Sheet from Kopykake (Calif.) and Collagen Sheet from Dr. Suwelack Skin & HealthCare AG (Germany). Besides, peptides can play a role in scaffold construction for biomedical patches just like chitosan. In 2014, Loo et al. investigated the wound healing performance of peptide-nanofiber hydrogels with combined advantages of hydrogels and nanofiber scaffolds while maintaining skin hydration. However, the high-water content and large pore size of most peptide hydrogels may result in relatively rapid release of drug. Aloe Vera, Aloe vera is a perennial tropical plant rich in minerals, polysaccharides, vitamins, and amino acids, making it a good antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and moisturizing agent used in skin care products. For cosmetotextile use, Dogi International Fabrics, Spain, launched a line of Smart Fabrics doped with aloe vera nanoparticles which provide moisturizing, calming, antioxidant and antiaging benefits. Likewise, a cosmetically inspired fluid lingerie “Hydrabra” has also been commercialized by the incorporation of aloe vera. In addition, fabrics coated with aloe vera loaded nanoparticles have been reported with improved wash durability and antimicrobial activity. Commercial microcapsules of aloe vera extracts can also be coated onto cotton/polyester fibers by using atmospheric-pressure plasma printing technique in an environmentally safe and low cost manner. Besides cosmetics, aloe vera gel have been extensively used as therapeutic remedies. In a recent study, Dey el al. developed a aloe vera based bio-composite hydrogel which can release UV absorbing flavonoids that may provide better wound-healing efficacy. Cosmetic Ingredients Tailored for Cosmetotextile Application, Many cosmetic ingredients, including minerals, synthetic chemicals, animal and plant derivatives, have been successfully grafted onto cosmetotextiles. Encapsulation has been employed as the main technique for stabilizing natural cosmetic ingredients into the textiles by which the release of active ingredients from capsules occurs following heat, biodegradation, friction, or pressure between the body and fabric during use. This section summarizes the most popular cosmetic ingredients used in cosmetotextiles. Chitosan, Chitosan is a N-deacetylated derivative of chitin isolated from crustaceans with good antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Chitosan has wide application in functional clothing, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals due to its ability to improve skin texture and hydration, stabilize sensitive ingredients and promote cell regeneration. The presence of abundant amine groups makes chitosan a biocompatible polymeric material ideal for encapsulation. For example, Cognis, a German textile company, has developed a cosmetic textile finish, Skintex®, wherein the active ingredients are encapsulated in chitosan based cosmetic microcapsules. The microcapsules can be embedded onto the fabric for products of different efficacy, including moisturizing, cooling, energizing, relaxing, anti-heavy legs and mosquito repellent benefits. Release of the active ingredients can be triggered by the gentle friction created between the microcapsules and the skin during routine use, or biodegradation of chitosan membrane by skin enzymes. Despite all the benefits, the aqueous solubility of chitosan limited its application in skin delivery of lipophilic compounds. Hyaluronic acid (HA), HA is a natural linear polysaccharide that has been used extensively in cosmetic products to improve skin elasticity, turgor, and moisture by acting as a sponge in the skin to retain water. Meryl® Hyaluronan, an anti-ageing cloth patented by Nylstar was developed by incorporating HA-loaded nanoparticles in the spinning process. Medline Industries, Inc. developed Hyalomatrix®, a 3D HYAFF® (HA ester) matrix, for wound healing. The 3D scaffold facilitated an ordered reconstruction of the dermal tissues. However, the clinical application of pure HA may be limited by its rapid enzymatic degradation at physiological conditions. To overcome this limitation, studies have been conducted to use covalent cross-linking of HA with polysaccharides with a slower degradation rate under the action of hyaluronidase. In a recent study, HA grafted pullulan polymers were prepared by one step esterification and demonstrated high swelling ratio and a relatively quick hemostasis ability, making it a promising wound healing dressing. Essential oils, Essential oils are volatile compounds extracted from the flowers, seeds, leaves and barks of various aroma plants. Essential oils have wide applications in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. For cosmetotextile application, essential oils of pleasant smells or cosmetic efficiencies such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, and moisturizing and cell rejuvenation are the most frequently employed functional ingredients. For example, lavender oils are favored in the manufacture of pillow fabrics because of its pleasant aroma smell and antimicrobial property. Men’s slimming cloth launched by the fashion brand Legends & Heroes under the brand Ript Skinz was infused with a skincare formula containing time-released microcapsules enriched with vitamin E, caffeine, retinol and essential oils extracted from apricot kernel (Prunus armeniaca)and rose hip (Rosa acicularis Lindl) After ever 10 washes, the garment can be re-sprayed with the formula again for continued use. Recently, essential oils have been more reported in encapsulated systems, such as micro-/nano-sized capsules, to overcome their poor thermal stability as well as to improve sustainability during ordinary washing processes. Peptides, Peptides exist in vivo as amino acid polymers and function in the skin only for a short period of time before decomposing into amino acids. Peptides can be sub grouped into three types (signal peptide, carrier peptides and neuro-transmitter inhibiting peptides) depending on the mechanism of action in vivo. Peptides are widely used in cosmetics however the types used in cosmetotextiles is limited to copper peptide, collagen peptide, and acetyl hexapeptide-3. Peptides have many functions as cosmetic ingredients including skin moisturizing, firming and elasticity-promotion, anti-wrinkle etc., Lipotec, spain, marketed an anti-wrinkle cosmetotextile containing hexapeptide (acetyl hexapeptide-3) under the name of Argireline. Argireline nanoparticles have also been used to manufacture antiaging facial mask s, including Sugar-based Frosting Sheet from Kopykake (Calif.) and Collagen Sheet from Dr. Suwelack Skin & HealthCare AG (Germany). Besides, peptides can play a role in scaffold construction for biomedical patches just like chitosan. In 2014 investigated the wound healing performance of peptide-nanofiber hydrogels with combined advantages of hydrogels and nanofiber scaffolds while maintaining skin hydration. However, the high-water content and large pore size of most peptide hydrogels may result in relatively rapid release of drug. Aloe Vera, Aloe vera is a perennial tropical plant rich in minerals, polysaccharides, vitamins and amino acids, making it a good antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and moisturizing agent used in skin care products. For cosmetotextile use, Dogi International Fabrics, Spain, launched a line of Smart Fabrics doped with aloe vera nanoparticles which provide moisturizing, calming, antioxidant and antiaging benefits. Likewise, a cosmetically inspired fluid lingerie “Hydrabra” has also been commercialized by the incorporation of aloe vera. In addition, fabrics coated with aloe vera loaded nanoparticles have been reported with improved wash durability and antimicrobial activity. Commercial microcapsules of aloe vera extracts can also be coated onto cotton/polyester fibers by using atmospheric-pressure plasma printing technique in an environmentally safe and low-cost manner. Besides cosmetics, aloe vera gel have been extensively used as therapeutic remedies. In a recent study, Dey el al. developed a aloe vera based bio-composite hydrogel which can release UV absorbing flavonoids that may provide better wound-healing efficacy. Vitamins, Vitamin E and C are widely used in the cosmetic finish of cosmetotextiles. Vitamin E is a powerful antioxidant belonging to the lipid-soluble type, the grafting of which in microcapsules into fabrics has been reported to significantly increase skin moisture and elasticity as well as reduce skin wrinkle and roughness. Coating cotton fabrics with protein-based nanoparticles containing vitamin E by a low-cost pad-cure method has shown an effective approach to impart them with antioxidant properties. Besides, vitamin C, or L-ascorbic acid, is the most plentiful water-soluble antioxidant that protects the skin intracellular structures from oxidative stress. Fuji Spinning, Japan, incorporated a provitamin C, which can be converted into vitamin C in the presence of sebum, on blouses and shirts. Gelatin/vitamin C microcapsules have been successfully prepared using the emulsion hardening technique and grafted onto textile materials by padding vitamins, Vitamin E and C are widely used in the cosmetic finish of cosmetotextiles. Vitamin E is a powerful antioxidant belonging to the lipid-soluble type, the grafting of which in microcapsules into fabrics has been reported to significantly increase skin moisture and elasticity as well as reduce skin wrinkle and roughness. Coating cotton fabrics with protein-based nanoparticles containing vitamin E by a low-cost pad-cure method has shown an effective approach to impart them with antioxidant properties. Besides, vitamin C, or L-ascorbic acid, is the most plentiful water-soluble antioxidant that protects the skin intracellular structures from oxidative stress. Fuji Spinning, Japan, incorporated a provitamin C, which can be converted into vitamin C in the presence of sebum, on blouses and shirts. Gelatin/vitamin C microcapsules have been successfully prepared using the emulsion hardening technique and grafted onto textile materials by padding.

Authors Taame Berhanu Teklemedhin

The extract of this plant was also used in northern Nigeria for the treatment of anti- microbial and acute malaria attack. It has also composition of Phenols, Saponins, Tannins and anthraquinones and those chemical compositions of tannins and anthraquinones indicates that it can be used as coloring material. Natural dyes were extracted from different plants and applied to tanned leather in the presence of mordants and without mordant under identical conditions to find out whether the extracted dye shows affinity to tanned leather in the absence of mordant. Natural dye was extracted from Cassia singueana plant was successfully used in dyeing of silk fabric in the presence of Aloe Vera juice as natural mordan. Tanned leather materials were dyed using extracted natural dye from this plant in the presence of natural mordants extracted from Aloe Vera and mango bark. The possibility of using extract of bark of mango tree (Mangifera indica) as a mordant to dye cotton fabric with natural dye (bitter leaves). This work was mainly focused on dyeing of wool fabric using natural dye and natural mordant extracted from Cassia singueana plant and mango bark respectively.

Authors Mariyam Adnan1, Jeyakodi Moses J

Silk and lyocell fibers were blended in the ratio of 50:50 and woven into a plain weave fabric. Aloe vera based microcapsules were used to impart antibacterial finish on silk/lyocell blended fabrics and assessed by SEM, EDX, FTIR, agar diffusion test, bacterial reduction test, and wash durability test. SEM analysis showed aloe vera capsules impregnated in the fabric. EDX also showed the presence of aloe vera in the fabric by showing the presence of chemical elements like Mg, Ca, K, Al and Fe which were not present in the untreated fabric. The results of agar diffusion test clearly show that aloe vera treated fabrics have very good antibacterial properties and do not allow the growth of bacteria in the treated fabric. The zone of inhibition was found to be very good and ranged from 28 mm to 30 mm. Bacterial reduction test showed the percentage reduction values of both the microorganisms S. aureus and E. coli to be more than 97%. The wash durability of aloe vera treated fabrics lasted up to 25 washes. Silk is a natural fiber priced for its vanity, versatility, wearability, and comfort. Despite all the wonderful properties silk possesses, it is extremely costly. Lyocell is a regenerated cellulosic fiber which offers luxury, less cost and surpasses all other cellulosic fibers in terms of properties, aesthetics and importantly Eco friendliness in manufacturing. Lyocell is 100% natural in origin, has better dyeability than other cellulosic, softness and drape, luxurious handle, good moisture retention and hence wearing comfort, and good dimensional stability. Notably, lyocell fiber blends well with various natural and synthetic fibers, like cotton, linen, rayon, polyester, lycra, nylon, silk, and wool. The stress-strain characteristics of lyocell make it an ideal partner with the various textile fibers. silk and lyocell were blended so that one can enjoy the richness of silk and excellent softness of lyocell. Since, silk and lyocell belong to the category of protein and cellulosic fibers respectively; they are prone to microbial attack and can be damaged easily. Therefore, their protection against microbes becomes imperative to preserve their individual properties and widen its spectrum of applications. The use of natural agents such as chitosan, neem and natural dyes for antimicrobial finishing of textiles has been widely reported. Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis) is known ‘Lily of the desert’ and belongs to the family Liliaceae. The aloe leaf consists of two major parts, the outer green rind and the inner colorless parenchyma containing the aloe gel. Polysaccharides in aloe gel are mainly responsible for their antimicrobial activity. There are different polysaccharides in aloe vera such as glucose, glucomannan, galactogalacturan and lactomannan with different composition as well as acetylated acemannan. Acemannan is a long chain polymer consisting of randomly acetylated linear D-mannopyranosyl units having antibacterial and antifungal properties. some important bioactive constituents such as P-methyl benzoic acid, 2-thiophene carboxylic acid and dimethyl 4-chlorophenyl thiophosphate having antibacterial activities were found by subjecting the aloe vera extract to the Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS). This study highlights the use of aloe vera as an effective antibacterial agent. The antibacterial activity of aloe vera which showed that aloe vera extract of methanol gave the maximum antibacterial activity as compared to other solvent extracts. A major limitation in antimicrobial finishing with natural agents is the non-durability of the finish. Finishing by microencapsulation method can increase the durability of antimicrobial finish on textiles as it offers many advantages compared to conventional process, in terms of economy, eco-friendliness and controlled release of substance. The antimicrobial activity of aloe vera extract against bacteria and found that methanol extract showed maximum inhibitory activity against E. coli and Candida. Was identified, quantified, and compared the phytochemical contents, antioxidant properties, and antibacterial activities of Aloe vera lyophilized leaf gel and 95% ethanol leaf gel extracts. Although considerable research work has been carried out in the past on the medical uses of aloe vera, its antibacterial activity on textile substrate is not widely reported. The present work aims at developing a natural antibacterial finish on silk/lyocell blended fabric using aloe vera microcapsules.

Authors Manuel J Lis1*; Meritxell Martí2; Luisa Coderch2; Cristina Alonso2; Fabricio M Bezerra3; Ana P Immich4; José A Tornero1

textile substrates offer for more specialized functions as Biomedical devices, Cosmetics, Skin treatment, and which are the mechanisms involved in such new applications. Textiles are covering 80% of the human body and a big percentage of that is in close contact with skin. If the system of vehiculation of the active principles is, carefully, designed, the reservoir effect of the polymeric chains of fibers can play a very interesting role in the delivery of the active principle. Microencapsulation, lipidic aggregates and nanofibers, have shown very promising experimental results, Textile substrates, as active systems, Biofunctional textiles are the textiles with smart and new properties and added value, especially related to comfort or specific functions. Such textiles constitute the basis for the delivery system of cosmetic or pharmaceutical substances when the textile comes into contact with the skin. As most of the human body is covered with some sort of textile, the potential of biofunctional textiles is considerable. Textiles that have functional properties for the skin have been studied and patented in recent years. textile fabrics have been improved to assist skin function by ensuring homeostasis of the whole body. Practical functions of clothing include providing the human body with protection against the weather –strong sunlight, extreme heat or cold, and rain or snow – and against insects, noxious chemicals and contact with abrasive substances. Clothing offers protection against anything that might injure the naked human body. This is because textiles have always been considered as a “second skin” for human beings. technical bioactive or biofunctional textiles are currently being produced. Such fabrics can absorb substances from the skin or release therapeutic or cosmetic compounds to it. The textile industry together with medical knowledge has paved the way for enriching the use of textile fabrics because of their interaction with the skin. Percutaneous absorption is an interdisciplinary subject that is relevant to several widely divergent fields. Transdermal devices may be considered as one of the precursors of biofunctional textiles given that they deliver a compound with a therapeutic effect into the body. Bioactive textiles are new, innovative textile products that are pushing back the boundaries of textile applications. They can act as “reservoir systems” and are able to continually release controlled doses of active substances from the textile to the skin. Several active compounds have been applied onto textiles using different vehicles as micro or nanocapsules in order to improve the fixation on the fabric and the progressive and effective release of the active principle into the different skin layers (stratum corneum, epidermis or dermis). Transdermal drug release is a viable administration route for powerful, low-molecular-weight therapeutic agents that must be precise in its control of drug administration. The system should ensure the required doses and avoid the minimum toxic concentration. This strategy is especially recommended for many drugs that are difficult to take because they must be delivered slowly over a prolonged period to have a beneficial effect. For instance, the drug release modelling of biodegradable polymeric systems as encapsulation technologies in textiles has not yet progressed appreciably due to its high complexity. Transdermal administration also can take advantage of chemical and physical strategies that can improve skin permeability and allow for drug penetration. Specifically, transdermal drug delivery is a viable administration route for powerful, low-molecular-weight therapeutic agents that either can or cannot withstand the hostile environment of the gastrointestinal tract. Regardless of the necessity for physical-chemical enhancement, for the reliable and effective design of transdermal delivery systems, knowledge of the skin’s structure and its properties is fundamental. Empirical analysis of the permeation of drugs through the skin is based on approaches such as a neural network modelling to predict the permeability of skin. The release of an active agent in a non-erodible core-shell system can show different profiles of delivery, Encapsulation is one of the techniques used to apply substances to textiles. Biodegradable polymer micro- or nanoparticles are of great interest as drug delivery systems because of their ability to be reabsorbed by the body, Lípids as Vehicles for Skin Treatment, Liposomes are vesicles made up of lipids that can encapsulate different compounds for application onto textiles. Liposomes have been used as models for complex biological membranes in biophysical and medical research owing to their lipid bilayer structural. similarity. Moreover, they have been the subject of numerous studies given their importance as microencapsulation devices for drug delivery and their applications in cosmetics. In recent years, liposomes have been used in the textile industry as dyeing auxiliaries, mainly for wool dyeing or as a dispersing auxiliary for disperse dyes, These lipids are rich in cholesterol, free fatty acids, cholesterol sulphate and ceramides and they resemble those found in membranes of other keratinized tissues such as human hair or stratum corneum from skin, because of their capacity to form stable bilayer structures. Accordingly, IWL could be regarded as a new and natural form to encapsulate different active agents or as active agents for skin care. Textile application and absorption/desorption process, the application of liposomes or the mixed micelles onto the fabrics was performed by bath exhaustion and the foulard padding process, Liposomes and mixed micelles were also applied to textiles in triplicate with bath exhaustion, the interactions of the fields of polymer and materials science with the pharmaceutical industry have resulted in the development of what are known as drug delivery systems (DDSs), or controlled-release systems . Drug delivery systems can be classified according to the mechanism that controls the release of the drug , such as diffusion-controlled systems, chemically controlled systems, solvent-activated systems, modulated-release systems and bio erodible-release systems. One of the most promising biodegradable polymers for use in bio erodible-release systems is poly(lactic acid) (PLA), because of its mechanical and biological properties, Drug-Delivery Mechanisms, The capability of the polymeric membrane to deliver the drug was determined through triplicate measurements of the drug release kinetics into a fluid phase.

Author mohamed mohamed mosaad

The application of aloe vera in textile processing is gaining worldwide detection as one of the hopeful approaches to pollution issues and cost reduction. Aloe vera gel possesses some biological activities and unique properties such as colorless, transparent, and viscosity which meet the using as a printing thickener, mordant, antimicrobial for different fabrics and dyes. Aloe vera is used in pre-treatment such as scouring, desizing, softening, and printing due to its succulent enzymatic and gummy characteristics. Aloe vera gel also contains a salty substance that allows its use in natural, eco-friendly dyeing. Aloe vera gel also is an alternative to synthetic antimicrobial agents. Textile wet processing utilizes a huge amount of water, dyes and chemicals, and other auxiliaries for processes. It can be considered as having three stages, pretreatment (or preparation), coloration (dyeing or printing) and finishing. Textile wet processing industry is one of major cause of environmental pollution. Because it is included a toxic, hazardous, and less bio-degradable compounds which is a major source of effluents and pollution. Searching for ecofriendly alternatives is a main concern of most researchers. Natural resources are gaining global recognition because of their nontoxic and eco-friendly characteristics with the increasingly important requirements for textile manufacturers to reduce pollution in textile production. Rheological behavior of Aloe vera gel. Aloe vera gel generally exhibits elastic behavior which can be attributed to the network of polymeric fibrous chains. Viscosity decreases with increasing shear rate (exhibiting shear thinning behavior); however, above certain critical value (100 S ?1) viscosity becomes constant. Such rheological behavior is attributed to the structural decomposition and rearrangement of weak network of polymeric fibers. Rheology of any formulation such as paste depends upon the combination of individual components as well as their mutual interactions. The addition of Aloe vera gel to different products can lead to complex rheological behaviors, developing from its interactions with product ingredients as well as process conditions. However, the rheological properties of Aloe vera can be tuned to meet product requirements. Moreover, it can also be used as a rheology modifier for various products. Aloe vera is used in pre-treatment and printing due to its succulent enzymatic and gummy characteristics. Aloe gel also contains a salty substance that allows its use in natural, eco-friendly dyeing and finishing. There are many actual and potential applications of Aloe vera in textiles wet processing field. To meet customer demand, A huge amount of inorganic chemicals are used in textiles pretreatment, dyeing, printing, and finishing. Since, the use of these chemicals produces a huge amount of effluent but causes water pollution, researchers have been trying to use eco-friendly products like Aloe vera instead of inorganic chemicals for these purposes to protect the environment from this pollution. Aloe vera is suitable for such pretreatment because it contains many enzymes, salt and gummy substances which are essential for textile wet processing. Bio Scouring with aloe vera, scouring process was used to remove the non-cellulosic impurities from the cotton to have a uniform absorbency. Highly alkaline chemicals like caustic soda, soda ash, silicate, acetic acid, and soaping agents are used for scouring, but destruction of cotton structure may be happened also attack the cellulose leading to heavy strength loss and weight loss in the fabric. Moreover, the need for intensive rinsing and more acid to reutilization the cotton, which leads to a large volume of effluent. Optimum condition of bio scouring with enzyme, requires treatment with concentration 5% at pH 5.5 at 80?C for 1 hour. Bio-scoured fabrics, using the Aloe vera extract, showed better dye levels, dye uptake, light fastness, wash fastness, and rubbing fastness for medium and dark reactive colors than did conventionally scoured fabric. Bio-scouring saved a substantial amount of thermal energy (50%) and electrical energy (40%). Bio-scouring wastewater has 40–50% less COD and 60% fewer TDS than conventional-scouring wastewater does. Bio scouring with enzyme is corresponding with a significant role in minimizing the demand of energy, water, chemicals, time and therefore costs. After bio scouring, fabric can be dyed directly without bleaching, which also reduces additional cost in this step. But in this process, light-colored shades cannot be produced or very difficult match. Enzymatic Desizing with aloe vera: For the improved and uniform wet processing of the fiber, starch-based size is needed to be removed prior to dyeing and printing, this is known as desizing, which is the key action of the pretreatment. As converts the water insoluble starch in to the soluble one which is washed away from the fabric during washing and enhances the performance of the fabric. Since enzymes are widely used in desizing which called Enzymatic desizing. These enzymes catalyze the breakdown of the starch chain without damaging the support material as their action is specific to starch. Desizing process using Aloe vera gel instead of inorganic chemicals. Since Aloe gel contains many important enzymes and organic components like peroxidase, carboxypeptidase, amylase, and alkaline phosphatase. The aloe gel has been showed outstanding results for desizing with controlled temperature and pH. The aloe gel treated fabric was exhibited high desizing efficiency. This is due to key-Lock mechanism of enzymes presents in the aloe gel. When we compare the desizing efficiency of synthetic enzyme and aloe gel enzyme (natural enzyme amylase) the weight loss is greater that means the weight loss in synthetic enzyme desizing is 7.9% and in aloe gel case it is 11.02% so it has good desizing efficiency but aloe gel desizing have side effect of coloring salt. These aloe vera enzymes have active centers, which fits into a particular substrate molecule. Then the substrate forms a complex with the enzyme. Later the substrate molecule is converted into the product and the enzyme itself is regenerated. The process continues until the enzyme is poisoned by a chemical bogie or inactivated by extremes of temperature, Ph. Aloe vera gel which used instead of salt in a reactive dyeing process. Since aloe vera consists of salt, acid, enzymes, and many components that are essential to the dyeing process, aloe gel have been used to present sodium ion on dyeing cotton with reactive dye without salt. Aloe gel treated cotton fabrics, was dyed with different types of reactive dyes without addition of sodium chloride with different concentration of aloe gel. Treated sample was compared with normal dyed untreated sample. The fabrics treated with 100% aloe gel have good and highest shade depth, 80% aloe gel treated fabrics has medium, while the 60% aloe gel treated fabrics have lowest. increasing the concentration aloe gel led to increase the amount of sodium ion and therefor increase dye bath exhaustion so the dye uptake of the fabrics is higher. on a high concentration of Aloe vera contains more salt than dye does. Treatment of cotton fabric with aloe gel increases dye uptake of cotton at low salt condition without decreasing the wash fastness. Some reports discuss using Aloe vera as a mordant for dyeing of turmeric powder on cotton and silk fabric. Aloe vera gel as thickening agent on Printing: Printing is most important process used to decorate textile materials. Textile printing is localized dyeing in definite patterns. A successful print involves correct color, sharp-line, levelness, good hand, and efficient use of dye; all these factors depend on the type of thickener used. Thickening agents usually high molecular weight polymeric substances that give the necessary viscosity of the color printing paste under high pressure, without distortion. Textile thickeners either natural (e.g., Arabic gum, guar gum, alginate, starch, etc.) or man-made (i.e., based on modified natural polymers or wholly synthetic polymers, or emulsion). The use of synthetic thickeners causes harmful effects in the environment, to reduce and avoid this effect an eco-friendly thickener can be used. Aloe vera gel possesses some unique properties such as colorless, transparent, and viscous which meet the using as a printing thickener for different fabrics and dyes. Aloe vera gel as thickener with reactive dye on cotton. Since the conventional thickeners such as starch, CMC, guar gum contains free -OH groups, are not suitable for printing cotton with reactive dyes. because of these free hydroxyl groups which competes with the free hydroxyl group of cellulose toward dye. whereas Sodium alginate is suitable because it is free from free -OH groups. the same trend in aloe vera which contains (galacturonic acid) important used as thickener because which is free from -OH groups. Many attempts to use aloe vera as thickening agents had been reported. Aloe vera gel in combination with sodium alginate as a thickener to suit printing cotton fabric with reactive dyes. Three different types of thickeners combination, aloe vera gel (AG), Sodium alginate (SA) and Mixture of aloe vera gel and sodium alginate (AGSA), was applied directly on cotton using manual screen-printing method to gaining best result, using mixture of thickener (20 gm aloe vera and 2.5 gm sodium alginate), cotton printed fabrics had good characteristics include washing fastness, high color yield, softness and hand feeling properties, with medium viscosity and washing easily removed the extra chemicals. Aloe vera can be applied to cotton as a new thickening agent in reactive printing, achieving increased thickening efficiency as well as better depth and stability properties for printed samples, printing cotton samples with Aloe vera gel exhibited excellent results (wash and lightfastness) when using 4gm reactive dye concentration. Aloe vera gel as thickener with direct dye on cotton, aloe vera thickener was successfully applied on cotton fabrics with 3gm direct dye. When using after treatment with 10% vinegar for 5 minutes gave best result. Aloe vera gel as thickener with pigment on cotton. In printing with pigments, the use of a low-solids thickener is required, as it remains with the fabric after printing. zero-solids emulsion thickeners become quite prohibited in recent years owing to problems such as a better comfort property in terms of vapor permeability. Poor sharpness of the printed sample and less color yield were observed when only Aloe Vera gel was used aPs thickener, followed by an improvement in color yield with Sodium Alginate addition, aloe vera gel as thickener for printing of cotton fabric with pigment, in combination with sodium alginate, to enhance the properties of the printed fabric (sharpness, color yield, overall fastness properties, softness, and water vapor transmission) which are dependent on the percentage of Aloe vera gel in the thickener combination, the concentration of printing auxiliaries, and the curing conditions. Optimum printing properties were achieved by using a printing paste containing 80% Aloe vera 20% sodium alginate (700 g/kg), pigment (50 g /kg), binder (145 g /kg), fixer (10g/kg), and ammonium sulfate (5 g /kg), followed by drying at 85 ” C for 5 min and curing at 150 ” C for 3 mi. Emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) into the atmosphere during the drying and curing stage, flammability or explosion risk, wasteful use of energy, and ever-increasing cost. because aloe vera gel contains a very low solids content, allowing most of its constituents to be evaporated during curing treatment. For the same reason, a sample printed with higher aloe vera shows Aloe vera gel as thickener with natural dyes on cotton, adding aloe vera into printing paste as a part of the thickener when printing with natural dyes and examine its effect on the printed fabric and on the fabric sew-ability. Printing pastes as expected lower the fabrics sew-ability, due to the additional printed film over the fabric surface, that the needle must penetrate through. knitted and woven cotton fabrics was printed with two different thickening agents (sodium alginate and acrylic thickener) with natural dyes turmeric, annatto and Saffron. aloe vera was added to sodium alginate to enhance fabric properties. With curcumin paste aloe vera showed best results in fastness properties specially rubbing wet properties and sew-ability. Antimicrobial Finishing Methods, Coating, Exhaust, Pad-dry-cure, Spray & foam techniques, Synthesize Zinc Nano particles stabilization, or Fiber spinning method. Pad dry method was the best way to give greater antibacterial properties which also made the fabric soft. The antimicrobial finishes are generally applied by following means to the textile substrate: Absorption or Surface Treatment, Chemical Bonding, Micro-encapsulation. The microencapsulation of essential oils and its application in textile allows the gathering of various functions to substrates, imparting them antimicrobial properties, UV protection, and others. The microencapsulation involving essential oils applied to textile substrates enhances the lifespan of this kind of product, avoiding rapid evaporation of it. The release might happen due to the sensibility of the wall to the pH, heat, mechanical pressure, humidity, and other factors. The microencapsulation guarantees the protection of the active principle, as well as its controlled release, hence the great interest of its application in textile materials, microencapsulation of Aloe Vera with cornstarch using the simple coacervation technique on nonwoven cotton fabric using butane tetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) as a binding agent. FTIR was used to prove the interaction between nonwoven and microcapsule. Cornstarch was used as encapsulating agent and Aloe vera as active principle. For the formation of the coacervate, a mechanical stirrer was used. The analytical agents used were Acetic Acid (AcOH) 10% v/v, Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) 1 mol/L for pH correction. Glutaraldehyde (C5H8O2) 10% (v/v) was used to stiffen the walls of the microcapsules, using the pad-dry-cure method. the nonwoven samples were immersed in the bath for 1 min containing 30 g/L of microcapsules dispersed in aqueous solution, 75 g/L of butane tetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) (binding agent), and 45 g/L of sodium hypophosphate (Na PO2H2) (catalyst) note a polydisperse distribution, with irregular shape and sizes varying from 3 ?m to 50 ?m, Aloe vera can be used as a natural dye and mordanting agent, and gel used instead of salt in a reactive dyeing process, as well. Many attempts to use aloe vera as thickening agent. Aloe vera gel can be used in combination with sodium alginate as a thickener to suit printing cotton fabric with reactive dyes. Aloe gel has a potential of changing the property of disperse dye to have good interaction with cotton.

Authors S.F. Harlapur, N.R. Airani, S.S. Gobbi

In this world with speedy change in taste and fashion of generations, at present the printing is most noteworthy process utilized to beautify the textile materials. Printing is an art used to add a varied pattern on a piece of woven fabric by using gorgeous vibrant colors. Textile printing is the branch of textile wet processing industry and is becoming widely accepted technique for all fibers, varieties of fabrics and garments. Fundamentally, printing is a type of coloring, in which the colors are applied to a particular area rather than whole fabric. The resultant multicolored patterns have beautiful and artistic effects, which enhances the value of the cloth more than that of the plain dyed. To confine the coloring matter to the design area, it is pasted with the help of a thickening agent. A successful print involves correct color, sharpness of mark, levelness, good hand, and efficient use of dye. All these factors depend on the type of thickener used. Thickeners used in textile printing are high molecular weight viscous compounds gave a sticky paste with water, which impart stickiness and plasticity to the printing paste. These thickeners facilitate to preserve the design outlines without spreading even under high pressure. The main purpose of thickeners in textile industry is to hold or adhere the dye particles on the desired areas of the fabric until the dye transferred onto the fabric surface and its fixation got over. Thickener will provide the required viscosity to the printing pastes, prevent the premature reactions between the chemicals of the print paste and helps to seize the ingredients of the print paste on the fabrics. The thickener must be stable and compatible with the dyes and dyeing auxiliaries used.

Authors S Wazed Ali, Roli Purwar*, M Joshi, S Rajendran

Increased global competition in developing advanced textile based medical products has created many challenges for textile researchers and industrialists. The rapid growth in medical and wellness textiles has evolved many opportunities for the application of innovative functional finishes. Antimicrobial 29 finished textiles with improved functionality find a variety of applications such as infection control, other health and hygiene applications In the last few decades, research has been carried out in developing novel technologies to produce enhanced antimicrobial activity on textiles by using different synthetic antimicrobial agents such as triclosan, metal and their salts, organometallics, phenols and quaternary ammonium compounds (Windler et al. 2013). Although the synthetic antimicrobial agents are very effective against a range of microbes and provide a durable effect on textiles, they are a cause of concern due to the associated side effects and ecological problems such as water pollution. Hence, there is a need and demand for antimicrobial textiles based on eco-friendly agents which not only help to reduce the ill effects associated due to microbial growth on textile materials but also comply with the statutory requirements imposed by the regulating agencies. There is a vast resource of natural products with active antimicrobial ingredients amongst which the plant-based products cover a major range. Healing power of some of the plant materials has been well-known and used since ancient times worldwide. Although there are many natural products rich in antimicrobial agents, only chitosan and natural dyes have been widely used as potential antimicrobial agents for textile application. A systematic study on integrating neem seed and bark extracts to cotton and cotton/polyester blend has been reported. The major challenges in the application of natural products for textile application are most of these plant materials are complex mixtures of several compounds and also the composition varies in different species of the same plant. The durability, shelf life and antimicrobial efficiency of natural products are other issues of concern. To address these issues further research should be carried out in bioactive textiles made from natural products, to make it a viable alternative to synthetic product based antimicrobial textiles. Aloe barbadensis Miller is mostly used because of its excellent medicinal properties. In a study it was found that the Aloe leaf contains over 75 nutrients and 200 active compounds, including 20 minerals, 18 amino acids and 12 vitamins. The main components of these constituents are glycoprotein, barbaloin, aloe-emodin, emodin, mannose-6-phosphate, polysaccharides, acemannan, aloesin, etc. The active ingredients of Aloe vera gel have wide range of activities such as moisturizing, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral agent, antiodor, etc. They also possess UV protective, antiprotozoal and wound healing properties. Wound healing property of Aloe vera has been extensively studied. Glycoprotein and mannose-6-phosphate present in Aloe vera have good wound healing property. Polysaccharides and barbaloin in Aloe gel are mainly responsible for their antimicrobial activity. The antifungal and antibacterial properties of Aloe vera can be exploited for medical textile applications, such as wound dressing, suture and other bioactive textiles. The combined activities of Aloe vera, chitosan and curcumin on cotton, wool and rabbit hair with their different concentrations by exhaust method have been studied In the present work an attempt has been made 79 to finish the cotton textiles with Aloe vera gel along with BTCA cross-linking agent. The finished fabric was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to understand the mechanism of attachment of Aloe vera gel with cotton substrate in presence of BTCA cross-linking agent. The antibacterial property of Aloe vera gel finished fabric was evaluated against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The mechanism of destruction of both Gram-positive and Gram negative bacteria by Aloe vera gel has also been established. Finishing treatment, Pad-dry-cure method, Wash fastness, Antibacterial activity of Aloe vera treated fabric, Aloe vera treated fabrics was quantitatively evaluated by shake flask method, Performance Properties of Finished Fabrics, tensile, testing of fabric, carboxylic acid (BTCA) chemically reacts with the functional group of cotton and formed an ester linkage, treated cotton fabric with BTCA in presence of sodium dihydrogen phosphate(I) monohydrate as catalyst. FTIR spectra of treated fabric showed band at the wavelength 1725 cm–1 which represents the ester carbonyl group confirms the covalent bond between the cellulose and BTCA. The intensity of this band is a measure of total quantity of ester group created in the finished cotton fabrics, Aloe vera treated fabric showed a little shift of ester peak from 1731.54 177 cm-1 to 1724.35 cm-1 and also the intensity of this peak is lowered as compared to that of only BTCA treated fabric . This indicates a decrease in the average number of ester groups formed in presence of Aloe vera. The lower intensity peak of Aloe vera with cross linking agent treated cotton is due to the interaction of Aloe vera active compounds with some of the hydroxyl (-OH) groups of the cotton and also interaction with the free –COOH groups of carboxylic acid molecules which are supposed to form ester linkage with cotton in absence of Aloe vera compounds. Hence, the extent of degree of direct chemical cross linking between cotton and carboxylic acids via ester linkage is effectively less in Aloe vera treated samples as some of the –OH groups of cotton are actively occupied by some of the – OH groups of Aloe vera ingredients. Thus active ingredients of Aloe vera containing –OH groups in their chemical structure can easily form H-bonding with the either –OH groups of cellulose backbone or chemically react with the carboxylic acid during curing process. In some cases the carboxylic acid may act as a bridge between the active ingredients of Aloe vera and cotton molecules. Similar results obtained when cotton fabric was finished with neem active ingredients along with glyoxa/glycol cross-linking agent, Aloe vera treated fabric showed tremendous reduction in bacterial adhesion. The active ingredients of Aloe vera gel act as an effective bactericidal agent on to the fabric and inhibits the growth of both Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive) and Escherichia coli (Gram-negative) bacteria. With increase in concentration of Aloe vera (up to 7%) the bacterial reduction increased up to 99%. This may be due to the enhanced weight addon% of the aloe active ingredients on the fabric with increasing Aloe vera concentration. It was also observed that only BTCA treated fabric showed bacteria retention of around 70%. The durability of the antibacterial activity of the Aloe vera treated cross-linked fabric was evaluated after repeated washing. It was found that the antibacterial activity retains more than 70% up to 5 machine washes and more than 50% even after 8 machine washes although there is a sharp reduction in antibacterial activity. As active ingredients of Aloe vera gel also contain –OH groups like cellulosic molecules, and also forms same types of bonds among BTCA and cotton structure, they are going to lose during washing. Thus antibacterial activity is going down due to removal of active ingredients along with the removal of BTCA. This also confirms that the active ingredients of Aloe vera gel are chemically / physically linked with the BTCA.

Authors Narsih, 2Sri Kumalaingsih, S., 2Usinggih, W. and 2Wignyanto}

microencapsulation of Aloe vera skin powder will provide a new opportunity to improve the bioactive properties of the Phyto-component as antioxidant agent, Aloe vera (L.) skin is seldom used in food processing, Aloe vera (L.) skin contained pharmaceutical compound such as antioxidant, making it a potential source of raw materials to be processed into natural antioxidant powder, The processing of Aloe vera (L.) skin into natural antioxidant powder requires encapsulation using maltodextrin as protective compound, Tween 80 as foaming agent and low drying temperature (600C), the addition of maltodextrin as encapsulation can protect the release of nutrient components as well as protecting important compound such as antioxidant from extreme temperature, tween 80 as foaming agent help figuration of a good suspension, the drying temperature between 60-750C was the optimum best temperature in maintaining the quality of powder. Free radical scavenging activity, the antioxidant activity of Aloe vera (L.) skin powder determined using DPPH assay (%) was 88.31%, which is higher than synthetic antioxidant such as BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene) at 70.5% and ?-tocopherol at 65.65. The higher level of antioxidant activity observed in the encapsulated Aloe vera (L.) skin powder are probably due to its relative resistant to the effect of the drying temperature and the effect of encapsulation using maltodextrin and tween 80, the increase in free radical antioxidant could be due to better extractability of antioxidant component and higher level of phenolic content, phytochemicals such as phenolic content, ascorbic acid, tocopherol and pigment also contribute to total antioxidant activity and has a good correlation between the antioxidant activity and its total phenolic compound content.

Authors S. HOODA, K. KHAMBRA, N. YADAV & V. K. SIKKA

The study focused on the development of bacterial resistant cotton fabric using Aloe vera extract. Textiles are excellent substrate for bacterial growth and microbial proliferation under appropriate moisture, nutrients, and temperature conditions. In the ample of various finishes, importance is given to herbal antimicrobial finish since people take much care about health and hygiene. The herbal antimicrobial agent for textile material is an agent that destroys or inhibits the growth of micro-organism like bacteria, fungi, yeast, and algae. Natural fibers are more liable to bacterial attack than synthetic fibers due to their porous and hydrophilic nature. The structure of natural fibers retains water and oxygen along with nutrients, in that way offering optimal environment for microbial growth. On the other hand, direct contact with human body supplies warmth, humidity, and nutrients, i.e., provides a perfect environment and optimal conditions for bacterial growth. Micro-organism proliferation can cause malodors, stains, and damage of mechanical properties of the component fibers that could cause a product to be less effective in its intended use. Additionally, may promote skin contamination, inflammation in sensitive people. As a result, the number of bio-functional textiles with an antimicrobial activity has increased considerably over the last few years. Some of the herbal compounds obtained from plants are well known for their antibacterial and anti-fungal activity. These natural products are abundantly available in nature and are widely distributed. These plant products are non-irritant to skin and non-toxic. Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis, Miller) belongs to the family Liliaceae. The activity of Aloe vera inner gel against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria has been demonstrated by several different methods. Antibacterial and antifungal properties of Aloe vera can be exploited in applications for medical textiles such as bandages, sutures, bioactive textiles, etc. Different attempt have been made to impart antibacterial finishing on textile using Aloe vera extract, Aloe vera treated scoured cotton fabric showed very good percentage of bacterial reduction as compared to Aloe vera treated grey cotton fabric. It may be due to reason that enzymatic scouring removes the natural impurities and increase the absorption rate of antimicrobial agents, pre-treated cotton with hydrogen peroxide prior to Aloe vera and turmeric application shows better antimicrobial activity as compared to untreated cotton (without pre-treatment), as pre-treatment leads to increase in hydrophilic nature of the fibre surface and antimicrobial activity. enzymatic treatment removes the fatty bonded layer of wool fibre and promote the absorption rate, hence antimicrobial activity.

Authors Jothi, D

Biotechnology, agar plate, microorganism, Aloe vera, textile industry, there is a good deal of demand for the fabrics having functional/speciality finishes in general but antimicrobial finishes in particular to protect human being against microbes, The application of antimicrobial textile finishes include a wide range of textile products for medical, technical, industrial, home furnishing and apparel sectors, Recent developments on Aloe vera (a naturally occurring biopolymer) have opened up new avenues in this area of research, ecofriendly natural herbal finish from A. vera extracts for various textile applications, Aloe gel-Antimicrobial agent [1 grams per litre (gpl), 2,3 ,4 and 5 gpl], Antimicrobial finish application, Antimicrobial activity assessment, Finish durability to washing ,Hohenstein modified test method – challenge test, activity of aloe gel treated samples is excellent at 5 gpl for S. aureus, It is attributed that bacterial inhibition is due to the slow release of active substances from the fabric surface. The amino groups of aloe gel responsible for its excellent antimicrobial activity. In presence of slight acidity, the amino groups will be converted to positive amino group ions will react with the negatively charged protoplasm of microorganisms thus breaking the cell wall and hence destroying the microorganisms, Disturb the cell membrane through physical and Ionic phenomena, wash fastness properties of treated sample during 50 wear wash. The treated fabrics showed good wash fastness as expected. Finishing agent does not migrate off of the treated sample and destroy the bacteria coming in contact with the surface of the treated cloth. The microbes do not consume the antimicrobials, which destroy them by acting on the cell membrane , Hence finishing agents do not lose their effectiveness and will remain functional throughout the life of the fabric, antimicrobial agent is not water-soluble, it does not leach out, and it continuously inhibits the growth of bacteria in contact with the surface using barrier or blocking action, specimens treated with the solution containing 5 gpl aloe gel showed excellent antimicrobial activity. The treated sample showed high reduction rate in the number of colonies grown and a clear zone of bacteria inhibition.

Authors Mukesh Kumar Singh, Varun VK, Behera BK

Cosmetotextiles are fast emerging as today’s most potential customer lifestyle. Both men and women on both side of the Atlantic are equally excited by the concept of well-being clothes, especially those worn close to the body and capable of having cosmetic effects. Textiles which provide cosmetic and biological functions, such as pleasant feeling, energizing, slimming, refreshing, vitalizing, skin glowing, anti-ageing, body care, fitness and health, are categorizes as cosmetotextiles. The wellness or health promoting aspects of textile finishes have become a delightful functional matter. Wellness can be defined as a pleasant state free from disease, a healthy balance between the human body and mind. Wellness has become a social determination which symbolizes the wish for eternal youth against ageing. The extracts of natural products and selected essential oils are added to textiles, which not only have healing properties but also keep the wearer fresh and vigorous, The Natural Moisturizing Factor (NMF) is a scale to express the activeness of skin in terms of the moisture level in the horny layer of the skin surface. At a moisture level of 20%, the skin remains lustrous and elastic; now it reduces to 10%, the skin becomes dry and rough. The merger of two apparently different sectors – cosmetics and textiles clears the way to climb the heights of cosmetotextiles. Cosmetotextiles are capable of imparting skincare benefits, combating ageing and promoting a feeling of wellness or well-being, through micro-encapsulation. In other words, a cosmetotextile is a textile consumer article containing a durable cosmetic substrate which is released over time. The European Cosmetic Directive has defined cosmetic products as “any textile article containing a substance or preparation that is released over time on different superficial parts of the human body, notably on human skin, and containing special functionalities such as cleansing, perfuming, changing appearance, protection, keeping in good condition or the correction of body odors is called a cosmetotextile”. Cosmetotextiles can be considered as cosmetic textiles when the cosmetic ingredients grafted onto the textiles have to be transferred to the wearer’s skin, and the amounts transferred have to be enough to ensure that cosmetic benefits are possible. The European Union formed a working group – WG-25 to form test standards for cosmetotextiles, Classification of cosmetotextiles on the basis of their influence on the human body, in terms of their influence on the human body, cosmetotextiles can be classified as follows, cosmetotextiles for slimming, cosmetotextiles for moisturizing, cosmetotextiles for energizing, cosmetotextiles for perfuming, cosmetotextiles for refreshing and relaxing, cosmetotextiles for vitalizing, cosmetotextiles for UV protection, cosmetotextiles for improving the firmness and elasticity of skin. Direct coating on textile products Some active agents are coated on fibre, yarn, or a fabric surface according to the suitability of the existing facility and the use of the end product. Bed linen can be made more comfortable and healthier using fibers coated by microcapsules with essential oils or antibacterial or anti-dust agents as well as anti-mite chemicals. Fuji Spinning Co. Japan disclosed. in a European patent that fibre treated with an emulsion of alpha-tocopherol acetate gets a reduced antioxidant function. Host-guest molecule technology is required to prolong the antioxidant function on the textile surface vitamin E complex does not show any substantivity with textile surfaces, padding, spraying, coating or printing are the other alternative application techniques. Aloe vera has proved that textiles treated with it are very pleasant to wear, having a significant effect on energy levels, which offers a feeling of well-being. Aloe vera is used to obtain antibacterial, antiviral, antimycotic, wound healing and anti-inflammatory effects. Invista International, Switzerland, suggested that the use of graduated compression in garments for the legs offers many physiological benefits for the wearer, such as reduced fatigue and leg swelling, as well as enhanced athletic performance. Invista developed new lycra leg care stockings which are a combination of function and fashion, with the potential to significantly reduce post-exercise muscle soreness. Tejin Co. Ltd, Japan, was the first to manufacture and sell two million of its trade marked ‘Amino Jeans’ within 24 hours. They are treated with arginine and blown, being new potential in the wellness innovation market. Arginine is an amino acid said to maintain skin youthness, Skintex technology incorporates active ingredients by micro-encapsulation. The active ingredients are encapsulated inside the microcapsule and firmly anchored on the fibre within the fabric of a textile without affecting the feel and visual appearance of the textile. In a typical application, chitosan is encapsulated to prevent warmth, drying out and cold. At the same time, chitosan helps to protect the skin from dehydration and keeps a supple and velvety soft touch. The ingredients are released either by friction during wearing or the chitosan layer is slowly reduced over time through the wearer’s enzymes. Each textile structure has a limit to load the extra ingredients. A highly active ingredient in each microcapsule with maximum utilization of the capsule interior is required for attaining a long lasting well-being effect. Skintex wellbeing ingredients are highly concentrated, and hence, even with a very small release, their effect can be seen and felt. Moreover, they are dermatologically tested according to the Ecotex 100 standard. In terms of traces of vitamin E, this technology is effective even after 100 washings if clothes are washed according to Skintex recommendations, A clinically proven patented fabric design from Solidea, Italy, offers cellulite reducing shorts and hosiery range by the micro-massaging of body parts. The manufacturer claims that “MicroMassage Magic” garments are helpful for smoothing and reshaping the bottom and legs, improving the health and appearance of legs and thighs. This patented design of Solidea combines compression with massage through everyday movement. The Solidea range in Australia is going to include Magic Maman Anti-cellulite maternity shaping shorts that promote blood circulation and reduce water retention. Typical MicroMassage Magic Shorts contain 80% polyamide, 18% Elastane and 2% cotton fibres. The USA based company Cupron Inc has launched a commercial range of pillows and pillowcases with the slogan “Beauty while You Sleep”, which helps to reduce wrinkles and liver spots. Polyester filament was treated with wicking surfactant to maintain the sufficient breathability of pillows and pillow covers. Cupron used the copper oxide to offer antimicrobial and healing properties. This compound also promotes the healing of wounds because it can bind amino acids and create collagen. In the case of natural and solution spun fibers, Cupron used copper oxide as a melt additive in melt spun fibers coated on a fibre surface. The clinical trials of Cupron fibres showed that they improve skin tone and texture significantly. Cupron used 4×1 twill weave fabric with a copper impregnated weft and a Pima cotton warp. Cognis, Germany, has introduced chemically and technically fine-tuned baby diapers, “Caremelts”, with maximum dermatological compatibility based on the application of phase change materials. Caremelts work close to room temperature. Caremelts utilise the combination of cosmetic waxes with fabrics which melt partially at body temperature. Caremelts are manufactured in a discontinuous way in order not to disturb the liquid acquisition functionality of the diapers or other hygiene potentials. Skinsoft 415 New: This finish was developed by Daiwa Chemical Inc., Japan, which is mainly composed of phospholipid containing 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) with phosphatidylcholine polar groups. Skinsoft 415 New, based on water soluble polymer, exhibits a superior moisture retaining effect. Sweet softener AN is also available for use with Skinsoft 415 New. This finish improves soil release, antibrowning and antistatic effects. Ohara Paragium Chemicals Kyoto, Japan, have launched a broad spectrum of skin care and anti-ageing functional finishes for textiles, some of which are available on the market: Parafine SC-1000: This finish was developed by Ohara Paragium Chem. JP. and mainly consists of silk based amino acids. The amino acids are rich in moisture retaining properties which promote skin well-being by enhancing the amount of moisture on skin. n Parafine SC-3000: This finish imparts a fat-burning effect by the presence of capsaicin, as well as a moisture-retaining and skincare effect with raspberry and squalane, respectively. Parafine SC-5000: This finish contains extracts from rice germ oil (ferulic acid and g -oryzanol) and vitamin E. This combination offers anti-oxidation properties which contribute to skin anti-ageing. This finish promotes anti-oxidation, bio-membrane stabilisation and blood circulation in human skin. EVOTM Care Vital: This finish, developed by Dystar Auxiliaries GmbH,Frankfurt, Germany, contains a combination of vitamin E, Aloe Vera and Jojoba oil that offers an anti-ageing function in textiles. These natural substances are embedded in silicone matrix to enhance the wash fastness of the finished fabric. Evo Care Vital is applied as the last step in the conventional pad and exhaust finishing process. DyStar has also introduced Evo Care BeeWell with beewax, Evo Care AVP and Evo Care AVS with Aloe Vera and Evo Care SJO with Jojoba oil. Evo Care Vital fulfills current cosmetic requirements with its anti-ageing effect and the fact that it is applicable over a broad range of textiles that come directly into contact with the skin, consistent improvement in skin integrity by exposing factory workers to dry coated aloe vera gloves. Ajinomoto with Mizuno Corp USA with brand name “Amino Veil”, “arginine” amino acid, Tennis and golf clothes. Amino acid dissolves into the wearer’s perspiration, enhancing the material’s ability to absorb moisture, keeping the skin’s pH level balanced and regenerating the skin, Yonex: Sports cloth manufacturer, Xylitol, Tennis and badminton clothes: These fabrcis mainly consist of xylitol, which absorbs heat when it comes into contact with water and offers a cool feel (when the wearer start sweating), Fuji Spinning, Japan with Brand Name V-Up, Pro-vitamin C soluble in sebum, Cosmeto-clothing: Pro-vitamin C converts into vitamin C in the presence of sebum and is applied on blouses, and men and women’s shirts, Invista (previously DuPont Textiles & Interiors) with International Flavors & Fragrances (IFF), Aloe Vera, and Chitosan with other PCMs, Leg wear and intimate clothing for both men, women and Yoga Lines: Delivering cosmetic and well-being benefits like freshness, moisturizing and massage for leg wear and intimate apparel. Stretch and recovery function through the use of Lycra , Richa (BE) Collection, 2007, phase-change materials (PCM), Close-fitting women’s motorbike pants: having a thin lining of Schoeller’s phase change material, which can be removed in warmer weather and reattached at lower temperatures, Cognis oleochemicals Corp.with brand name “Skintex, distilled oils of plants,fruits and leaves, This fabric has the ability to provide gentle care to tired feet and legs with the special effects of invigorating aromas. This functionality lasts up to several launderings, Dogi International Fabrics, aloe vera, Smart Fabrics with aloe vera nanoparticles which provide moisturising, calming, antioxidant and anti-ageing benefits, LYOSILK® Hefel Textil GmbH, Austria, Tencel and silk fibre, Lyosilk® consists of microfine Tencel fibres and pure silk. 300-1000 meter long individual delicate threads are twisted together to form open and soft silk yarn to use as weft. The actively breathable, fluffy Tencel® fibres become shinier, smoother and even more refined by the incorporation of pure silk, SEACELL®ACTIVE Hefel Textil GmbH, Austria, Lyocell fibre sea algae and silver ions, HEFEL has begun using t SeaCell® Active fibre in its bedding. The fibre is made from 100% cellulose and algae and is enriched with pure silver, which has strong anti-bacterial and fungicidal properties. According to Friedrich Schiller university in Jena, patients with chronic skin diseases can directly benefit from the new SeaCell® Active textiles. Functionality is not reduced even after 20 washes at 60 “C. , Solidea, Italy MicroMassage Magic, 80% polyamide;18% elastin; 2% cotton, The MicroMassage collection provides elegant shaping as well as the toning and smoothing of skin. The key is in the special patented three-dimensional wave-like knitting process of the fabric, which lightly massages skin by working with natural body movement to promote circulation in skin and fat tissue and stimulate the drainage of fluids causing orange peel, Cosmetil and Variance, Hydrabra, ultra-thin cloth with extracts of Padina Pavonica, The cosmetically inspired fluid lingerie “Hydrabra” provides moisturising and firming effects

Authors Czajka R

Textiles represent an ideal interface between man and medical treatment facilities, and it would be a loss not to make use of the possibilities they offer, technical textiles are one of the faster growing sectors of the global textile industry. The world textile industry is moving rapidly toward the manufacture of high-added value textile structures and products such as medical textiles, protective textiles, and smart textiles. Textile materials used in the medical and applied healthcare and hygiene sectors are an important and growing part of the textile industry. a medical device is defined as any instrument, apparatus, implement, machine, appliance, implant, in vitro reagent or calibrator, software, material or other similar or related article, intended by the manufacturer to be used, alone or in combination, for human beings for one or more of the specific purpose(s) of: diagnosis, prevention, monitoring, treatment or alleviation of disease, diagnosis, monitoring, treatment, alleviation of or compensation for an injury, investigation, replacement, modification, or support of the anatomy or of a physiological process, supporting or sustaining life, control of conception, disinfection of medical devices, providing information for medical purposes by means of in vitro examination of specimens derived from the human body and which does not achieve its primary intended action in or on the human body by pharmacological, immunological, or metabolic means, but which may be assisted in its function by such means. Characteristics of the Medical Textiles Market, Technical textiles will find many kinds of application with medical and hygiene products in the healthcare sector. The diversity of applications encountered in medical and healthcare products is quite remarkable, e.g., simple bandages, biocompatible implants and tissues, antibacterial wound treatment material, prosthetics, and intelligent textiles. Each of these categories covers a broad range of applications, and the many end-uses with their disparate requirements create opportunities for all kinds of textile such as fibers, mono- and multi-filament yarns, woven, knitted, nonwoven, braiding and composite fabrics. Medical textiles embrace all those textile materials used in health and hygiene applications in both the consumer and medical markets. As such, it comprises a group of products with considerable variations in terms of product performance and unit value. Because of the nature of their application, many medical products are disposable items. Nonwovens account for a high part of the sector overall in terms of tons of fibre used. Also, another feature of the medical textile market will be the growing proportion of composite materials used in wound management products. This will mean the combination of textiles with such materials as films, foam, and adhesives to form structures for the treatment of wound and healthcare products. The increased use of textiles in composite applications will provide major growth fibre consumption in terms of volume. European producers are world leaders in the market for technical/industrial textiles and nonwovens, for example industrial filters, hygiene products or in the medical sector. Although the textile sector is marked by small- and medium-sized enterprises and local developments, it is important that research efforts take place in a more integrated way to achieve a critical mass and be competitive on the global market. The European technical textile sector should continue to develop highly specialized products. This is the case, for example, in medical textiles based on biomaterials, interactive and intelligent textiles provided for textile sensors and improving test methods. Categories of medical textiles include non-implantable materials, implantable materials, extracorporeal devices, healthcare, and hygiene products. The application of different fibers for manufacturing various medical products, Absorbent pad, Wound- contact layer, Base material, Simple non-elastic and elastic bandages, High-support bandages, Compression bandages, Orthopedic bandages, Plasters, Gauze dressing, Lint, Wadding, Scaffold, The market for medical textiles is being driven by a number of factors: population growth rates, particularly in newly developing global regions, changes in demographics, including the ageing of the population in the Western European market, changes in living standards, attitude to health risks; increased awareness of the risks to health workers from health threats from blood-borne diseases and airborne pathogens, the continuing dominance of the leading suppliers and brands (especially in the consumer market), ongoing enhancement in product performance, the growing dominance of purchasing which demands increasing value for money, the increasing share of nonwovens on the medical world market in relation to traditional textile materials. These trends will be further fed by the increasing development of the medical textile market and industry.